Response to Beger, Sturken and Cartwright Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Response to Beger, Sturken and Cartwright - Essay Example ," implying that ladies present themselves in the way that they might want to be thought about, an exceptionally latent method for acting, while men only act without intuition as profoundly into what their movements mean and how they are seen. In the article, "Spectatorship," writers Sturken and Cartwright depict in subtle element Spectatorship, Discourse and Power, and Knowledge. The distinction between the "...spectator (the person who looks) and spectatorship (the act of looking)," is the fundamental thought for the spectatorship area. They discuss the "look" and how despite the fact that the terms for observer and spectatorship change, the idea is constantly significant. For talk and power, Sturken and Cartwright portray how, "In innovation, the look is constituted through a relationship of subjects characterized inside and through the talks of establishments." They depict photography as a focal topic of social situations and movements since the nineteenth century. The look is dictated by media and who has the force in any given relationship, for example, a writer over a witness. In the John Berger article, I was somewhat befuddled as to if individuals still view his compositions and notions on men and ladies as substantial in today’s pop culture. Does Berger imagine that all men and ladies act inside these rules without variety? In the Sturken and Cartwright article, I was confounded about the look and if the look helps one increase force or if force is now decided before a look happens. Will a look change the movement in force between two individuals? I could not help contradicting John Bergers general stance in his article about the way men and ladies are seen. I believe that there are sorts of men and ladies that demonstration these routes, yet there exist such a huge figure of sorts of individuals and not all men and ladies simply aimlessly act in the ways he depicts. I couldnt help contradicting Sturken and Cartwrights stance on force between people

Teamwork and Trustworthy Working Relationship Essay Example for Free

Teamwork and Trustworthy Working Relationship Essay Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence wins championships (Michael Jordan). This is a quote from one of the greatest basketball players, emphasising the importance in teamwork as a group. It can also be used in terms of a group of people working together not in a sporting aspect. â€Å"A team is not a bunch of people with job titles, but a congregation of individuals, each of whom has a role which is understood by other members. Members of a team seek out certain roles and they perform most effectively in the ones that are most natural to them. † (Dr. R. M. Belbin). This definition is used to identify individual’s positives and negatives during a project or as a group; it can also be used to build a secure and trustworthy working relationship, choose and develop high-performing teams, increase self-awareness and personal efficiency, and finally build understanding. Building a secure and trustworthy working relationship is important in teamwork because it can help build individuals in the group’s self-confidence and morale and guarantee support from other members in the group. It can also build hope around the team, guaranteeing members can feel confident airing issues and concerns within the group. This is offered individuals a rich variety of tools and ways to manage, avoid and fix conflict to build a stronger and lasting relationships. During the lead up to the presentation, my team-mates and I had a few occasions where we disagreed about certain opinions but we did it in a respectable manner and understood the reason agreement. Majority of us who made up a group to put up a presentation on teamwork and the Eurozone play football together which automatically gave us that bond, we had the ability to voice concerns w no fear of getting shut down by a member of the team which is very vital as I mentioned above about teamwork.

Inequality and Coalitions Size Essay -- American History, Revenues

The interrelations of social segregation and Inequality have been largely studied by several authors (Fernà ¡ndez y Rogerson, 1996 y 1997; Bà ©nabou 1996a y 1996b; Gravel y Thoron, 2007; Durlauf, 1996). Nevertheless, the majority of these studies have concentrated in demonstrating the possibility of a segregated equilibrium. This last is understood as the formation of consecutive clubs, ordered in accordance with a variable that represents the social position of the economic agents. In the majority of the studies, this variable is the wealth of the persons or his human capital. The problem with this kind of models is that they do not study the effect of the income distribution over the degree of segregation. As a result, they can't answer questions like the following: the size of the coalitions decrease with the degree of wealth inequality? In a society, the size of the coalitions formed by wealthy agents are bigger than the coalition of the poor ones? This is an important weakness of this type of literature. In effect, the collective interrelation inside coalitions can determine the accumulation of social capital and human capital, and it is well-known that the both are essentials factors in economic development (Benabou, 1996a; Glomm y Ravikumar, 1992; Fernà ¡ndez y Rogerson, 1996; Durlauf, 1996) Some authors as Bà ©nabou (1996th) and Glomm and Ravikumar (1992) compare the economic and distributive outcomes of integrated versus segregated societies. That kind of analysis is relevant to analyze problems such as the benefits and cost of public versus private education. Nevertheless, it is not very useful in analysing other problems as the determinants and the consequences of Social segregation. In this paper, we study t... ...artition. Jehiel and Scotchmer (1997 and 2001) characterise the free mobility equilibrium. However, they do not introduce heterogeneity in the distribution of wealth, and they suppose a very unrealistic utility function (linear). Moreover, their distribution of characteristics of agents is very narrow (uniform). Finally, they have not made the comparative static exercises required to understand the relationship between the heterogeneity of the agents and the degree of social segregation. Most of the models that demonstrate the existence of a consecutive core equilibrium, use super additive and cooperative games. (Greenber y Weber, 1986; Demange, 1982 y 1994). However, this kind of model have two defects. First, although they demonstrate the existence of a consecutive equilibrium, they do not analyze the effect of inequality on the size of coalitions.

death penalty :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   DEATH PENALTY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The death penalty is an ongoing controversy in the United States. There are people that are for it and those that oppose it. I am for it, but only for the horrendous crimes that are committed today in our society. In my personal opinion, I think priests that molest or â€Å"take advantage† of little boys deserve the death penalty. In today’s society, this is one of the most controversial debates whether capital punishment should be outlawed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capital punishment has two basic arguments within the debate to make: First is the question of whether capital punishment is moral, or simply put is it justified. The second is the question of whether capital punishment is constitutional. According to the constitution, everyone has a right to freedom, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are some disadvantages of capital punishment. Opponents have four basic arguments to make. The first is that there is a possibility of error, meaning that the person accused is not the real criminal. Although there is a slight chance of error, this is separate from the issue of the death penalty being justified. They would say that capital punishment should not be used when one is not one-hundred percent positive of the criminal’s guilt. Second argument they make is the execution process. One may be given â€Å"the chair,† lethal injection or gas. Third argument is a debate with the supporters that capital punishment may lower crime rates, but no studies show that it has any affect with capital punishment. Last argument an opponent would make is the time spent on death row.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a problem with the death penalty. It is high-priced because a prisoner can be sent to death row, but he or she can have an appeal, awaiting a retrial due to new evidence, all which can be a slow, costly and lengthy process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A prisoner convicted of a horrendous crime can get parole, which is unjust to the victim and/or the victim’s family. What makes the parole board think the prisoner has been â€Å"rehabilitated?† I believe that if you have committed the crime, you should not get paroled. If the crime was murder, is fair for the victim’s family to see this person out on the streets again and see if he â€Å"strikes again?

Identify the Individual at Risk of Skin Breakdown and Undertake the Appropriate Risk Assessment Essay

Upon arriving at the care home, I shut the door behind me, clocked in using my time card and signed the staff log book which is a requirement of the fire safety policy. Prior to starting my shift, I attended the hand over held in the staff office with closed doors to maintain confidentiality and privacy of the residents. The hand over gives me important changes in the resident’s health and social care needs, requirements and procedures that need implementing during the shift. One of the residents I usually care for is Mrs H who has just come back from a hospital admission. According to her care plan Mrs H was diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 4 which are predisposing factors for pressure sores. She is bed bound, cannot weight bear and had just undergone Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) for fracture on her left tibia fibula which left her immobilised. She is also incontinent of urine and faeces which are all predisposing factors to sore development. As one of her primary carer, I was assigned to carry out a risk assessment for skin breakdown with the use of the Waterlow Scale. I knocked on Mrs H’s room before entering as a sign of respect for her privacy and greeted her good morning. I asked how she is and she smiled which means she is fine as she has difficulty speaking. I asked her if she would like to have her bed bath and she said â€Å"yes please†. I informed her that I also need to carry out a risk assessment for skin breakdown to identify if she is at risk of developing a pressure sore. I explained the procedures that she will expect, the reasons behind these and I asked for her permission to carry on. She obliged by softly saying â€Å"ok† in a very low voice. Before starting the assessment, I gathered all the things that I need. I observed standard precautions for infection control by washing my hands with soap and water and drying them with disposable paper towels. I wore a disposable plastic apron and donned a pair of disposable gloves to prevent the spread and transfer of infection from one person to another. With the help of my colleague, I gently and carefully took off Mrs H’s night dress informing her every step that I make to make her aware and to encourage her cooperation. I kept it in yellow laundry bag as per organisational policy on infection control and prevention. I covered her body with bath towels to maintain her privacy and keep her warm. I washed her face and body with the use of disposable Mediwipes with soap and warm water. I dried her up using the towel to keep her from freezing. I took off her nappy pad and washed her private front part properly and dried her afterwards. Then I informed Mrs H that I need to turn her on her side so that I can wash and examine her back. With coordinated movements from my colleague, we gently and carefully turned her on her side, taking special care not to put any undue pressure on her bad leg to prevent any further injury. I examined her back side taking note of pressure points or bony prominences on her shoulders, sacrum, elbows, ankles and heels. Her skin on her shoulders, spine, elbows and heels look fine but there is a redness on her sacral area which feels hotter than other areas of her skin. I asked Mrs H if she feels any pain in her bottom and she said â€Å"yes† in a very low voice. On her left heel is an abrasion which she developed while she was in the hospital. I washed her back and her bottom gently and dried them up properly as excess moisture can aggravate her skin condition. I put her soiled nappy pad in a plastic bag to be disposed of in the clinical waste bag. I applied aqueous creme on her skin especially on bony prominences to prevent drying. I applied sudocrem on her sacral area to soothe and to protect and help heal her skin. I put on a clean nappy pad on her, put on clean clothes and positioned her on her right side to relieve the pressure on her sacral area, using cushions to make her comfortable. The nurse-in-charge came inside the room to check on her left heel wound and I asked her how to clean it and what dressing should I use for it. She said I can clean it with sterile water and sterile gauze, dry it up and apply Versiva dressing for protection as advised by the tissue viability nurse. I disposed of my gloves and donned on a clean pair. I washed Mrs H wound on her heel with sterile water and sterile gauze, dried it up and applied Versiva dressing. I put on a pressure relief cushion on her left foot to relieve pressure, kept it supported and in a comfortable position. I thanked Mrs H for her cooperation during the procedure. I informed her about the condition of her skin and reassured her that it is well taken care of. I disposed of my apron, gloves and soiled dressings in the plastic bag, tied it and disposed it in a clinical waste bag. I washed my hands with soap and water again and dried it up to prevent the spread of infection.

print item Essays - Maria Taipaleenmki, Free Essays, Term Papers

print item Essays - Maria Taipaleenmki, Free Essays, Term Papers Yasmine Gist Environmental biology World View The environment we live in is simply beautiful. Animals and plants are a part of the environment but, we as humans are also a part of the environment so it is important that we keep the environment in best condition possible and that means to understand environmental world views. Environmental worldview is common beliefs and images of how humans should interact with the environment. When problems come about in the environment, it's our duty to come up with solutions to solve them, and it is also our duty to keep the environment healthy and safe as best as possible. Are basic beliefs, images, and understandings that shape how we see the world make up our world view. Everyone has their own worldview on different topics. One of my environmental world views is to make sure my family, friends, and myself make contributions to the eco-system so that we can to keep the environment in excellent condition, or in other words my world vie w is eccentric. I also believe that everyone should be bio centric rather than anthropocentric. Humans are not superior in the world. All species have value to them and are put in the world for some reason. I took an eco-footprint survey and my results weren't so shocking. My carbon, housing, and goods and services footprints where all a little bit above the country average. My food footprint however was a little less than the country average. My marine fisheries and pastureland footprints came out the same. Cropland was a little less than half of my Marine fisheries footprint, and forestland footprint was the same as my marine fisheries pastureland footprints put together. I came to have these world views mostly because my family. They inform me about the environment and ways to help it. My mom does most of the grocery shopping so she is an influence on the food that I eat. There are several other factors that my family has helped influence my worldview, but I also have taken in th eir intake and added my own views. My world views definitely reflect on my lifestyle. My lifestyle has made positive impacts on the environment. Every day when I wake up I take a shower. I make sure I spend no more than 5 minutes so I am saving water. I have a healthy organic breakfast making sure I use reusable plates and silverware. I try to always carry a water bottle instead of buying a plastic one. We have a recycling bin in my house to we make sure we recycle everything we can! When we wash clothes we ONLY wash if it's a full load. Saving water is very good way to help the environment and not only that but it is more cost effective so why not! Along with water comes the electricity. Making sure the lights are off when not in a room, making sure electrical cords are not plugged in when they are not in use. Those little things can have a HUDGE impact on the environment. In class we have read and seen a lot of articles and video clips that show bad actions that have neg atively impacted the environment and we have also read about things that have positively impacted it. I think that having us read these articles and discuss them in groups really helps us get a clear visual of the cause and effect of human behavior to the environment. In one article we learned that in some of our exfoliating soaps there at these little balls of plastic that cause a negative effect on animals in water. When we wash is face and body off those little beads of plastic are going down the drain and could possibly end up where the sea life is. Learning about that makes me more cautious about the products I buy. Another of the articles I read I learned how female fish are starting to produce male testicles, and it is because of the things we throw into the water. I really am enjoying the class. I am learning about things I did not know about such as real world issues in the environment. I

Free Essays on Treatment Of Produced Water

Produced Water Treatment – Future Technologie Polymer modified bentonite or organoclay, ET Ventures - ET #1, made by binding amine polymer with bentonite clay, this converts the clay to an oil-wet, hydrocarbon adsorbent material. Able to adsorb 88% of its own weight in hydrocarbons and 100% by volume. Combined with granular activated carbon treatment gives non-detectable levels of pet. hc's ,oil and grease, and soluble hydrocarbons (EPA methods 418.1 ,413.2 & 8020 respectivley). Units are nearly maintenance free. Spent ET #1 has shown to adsorb volatile hydrocarbons tighly enough to pass the EPA’s TCLP test. This allows the product to be disposed of as non-hazardous waste. However until more experience is gained with the use of ET #1, operators should conduct their own TCLP test prior to disposal. The TCLP test, or the Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure, is used to identify toxic chemicals capable of leaching into groundwater. The spent product can be returned to manufacturer for cost of freight. Alternatively, s ome manufacturers add activated carbon to the organoclay allowing the spent product to be burned as fuel in boilers. Research is still needed to prove this treatment method, for example, it is not know weather the product will concentrate heavy metals or weather the metals will be bound tight enough to pass the TCLP test. Because of the large volume of produced water, the cost of its management has a strong potential impact on the profitability of the domestic natural gas industry, and in some cases, the regulation of produced water disposal can shutdown production operations. Currently, about 60% of the produced water is disposed of through deep well injection at a cost of $0.50 to $1.75/bbl in wells that cost $400,000 to $3,000,000 to install. Furthermore, this option is coming under increasing regulatory scrutiny and is likely to be even more expensive in the future.Researchers at ANL have been using a ne... Free Essays on Treatment Of Produced Water Free Essays on Treatment Of Produced Water Produced Water Treatment – Future Technologie Polymer modified bentonite or organoclay, ET Ventures - ET #1, made by binding amine polymer with bentonite clay, this converts the clay to an oil-wet, hydrocarbon adsorbent material. Able to adsorb 88% of its own weight in hydrocarbons and 100% by volume. Combined with granular activated carbon treatment gives non-detectable levels of pet. hc's ,oil and grease, and soluble hydrocarbons (EPA methods 418.1 ,413.2 & 8020 respectivley). Units are nearly maintenance free. Spent ET #1 has shown to adsorb volatile hydrocarbons tighly enough to pass the EPA’s TCLP test. This allows the product to be disposed of as non-hazardous waste. However until more experience is gained with the use of ET #1, operators should conduct their own TCLP test prior to disposal. The TCLP test, or the Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure, is used to identify toxic chemicals capable of leaching into groundwater. The spent product can be returned to manufacturer for cost of freight. Alternatively, s ome manufacturers add activated carbon to the organoclay allowing the spent product to be burned as fuel in boilers. Research is still needed to prove this treatment method, for example, it is not know weather the product will concentrate heavy metals or weather the metals will be bound tight enough to pass the TCLP test. Because of the large volume of produced water, the cost of its management has a strong potential impact on the profitability of the domestic natural gas industry, and in some cases, the regulation of produced water disposal can shutdown production operations. Currently, about 60% of the produced water is disposed of through deep well injection at a cost of $0.50 to $1.75/bbl in wells that cost $400,000 to $3,000,000 to install. Furthermore, this option is coming under increasing regulatory scrutiny and is likely to be even more expensive in the future.Researchers at ANL have been using a ne...

Outcrops versus Exposures, an Essay

Outcrops versus Exposures, an Essay The terms geologists use to describe bedrock thats available for the hammer are two: exposures and outcrops. Exposure covers all cases, whereas outcrop is used for an exposure that is natural. The faces sculpted on Mount Rushmore are exposures, but Mount Rushmore itself is an outcrop. The subtler shades of meaning of these two words reflect their deepest roots. Rock Outcrops The first people to call themselves geologists, about 200 years ago, visited mines and talked to lots of miners. In England, the miners used the words cropping or cropping out to describe rocks showing themselves above the ground or mineral seams unearthed in a mine. These are ancient words: the verb crop goes back to Old English and beyond; it means to grow or swell. Today we still use the archaic form of the verb in to crop up, meaning to emerge and to crop out, in speaking of rocks. To the miners, an active process of growth and emergence, even a vital force, was implicit in their word outcrop. The early geologists, who wrote for polite audiences, made a point of noting that cropping out and outcrops were miners slang, not educated English. Miners have always been superstitious people with magical beliefs, and the notion of rocks growing was a clear sign that they saw the underground as an active, living place. Geologists were bent on avoiding all taint of the supernatural, even in their figurative language. But the terminology stuck, and as geology became popular in the mid-1800s outcrop soon entered the everyday language as a noun and, inevitably, a verb derived from it (along with outcropping, a noun derived from that derived verb). Careful users of geological terminology retain crop out as the verb and outcrop as the noun deriving from it: we say, Rocks crop out in outcrops. But even the professional literature has many instances of outcrop used as a verb, and outcropping has a place today when the point is to be decidedly casual. Rock Exposures Exposure is a noun based on the verb expose, to reveal or uncover, which has its origin in Latin and came to us through French. Its root meaning in Latin is to bring forth. We still feel this sense when we speak of a rock exposure in a roadcut or quarry face or building foundation, where the bedrock is actively brought forth by human activity. We have a strong sense as geologists that bedrock forms deep underground. Thus wherever bedrock appears at the Earths surface, something must have removed an overburden to reveal it. The rock just lay there the whole time. Whether it was erosion or bulldozers that did the removing, a passive process of unroofing or exhumation is implicit in the word exposure. Niceties and Ironies Whether a body of rock looks like it grew out of the ground (outcrop) or was uncovered (exposure) would seem to make no difference and many geologists make no distinction but we think the two terms have subtle connotations. Outcrops are natural, but exposures need not be. An outcrop should have a rounded, organic look while an exposure should be more chiseled. An outcrop should protrude whereas an exposure may be flat or concave. An outcrop offers itself; exposure grudges being opened to inspection. Exposures reveal petrology; outcrops show personality. But the miners in their centuries of observation and lore intuited something true: ore veins and granite dikes are clearly invaders of the older rocks they occupy. These things did rise and swell upward from below; their shape implies their process they do grow. Cropping was just the right word. Geologists recognized this too, but unlike the miners, they came to understand that the activity happened and ended an unimaginably long time ago. The miners beliefs in subterranean actions and agents their imps and pixies and tricksters arise naturally from human psychology in the underground setting. We also have a large class of rocks and lavas that do in fact grow on the Earths surface. Lava emerges from the Earth and lies there naked, shaped by its own energies. Are lavas outcrops or exposures? The geologist calls them neither, preferring the more specific words flow, bed, pillow. If pressed, the geologist might well choose exposure as the more neutral term. Lava formations dont have the look of something coming out from under the soil; instead, the soil gradually grows upon them. So perhaps there is a case to make that outcrops refer only to formerly buried bedrock (which would imply that lava is not bedrock). As erosion exposes and gently sculpts the rocks, their details emerge on their skin: variations in hardness and texture, fractures and joints, weathering pits and resistant strata. The outcrops take on character. The irony is that the body of rock that looks most organic and alive is, in fact, the most passive.

Week 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Week 2 - Essay Example on what they think about the main characters (the instructor will specify which characters and seeing, as the students are still not experienced just two characters will suffice) for instance Oliver twist and the dodger. During the performance of the selected parts, the students will form groups that have students from mixed cultural background. The aim is to ensure that there is an even distribution of the cultures within the groups. Extended Follow-up Activities: make a list of all the new words encountered preferably on a chart. Make the students use these words in sentences. As for themes, it is up to the instructor to pick them out and explain to the students what lessons are to be learnt. Referring t everyday life situations where these themes are applicable will also speed up the students’ comprehension. The text has diverse characters and the students can choose to represent those they are most comfortable. However, at all instances the student should describe what the character is saying or portraying in their words hence enabling the assessment of their choice in vocabulary. Understand: the cultural background to enable proper assessment and integration of the students to the intended classroom environment created during the lessons (note the mention of anti-Semitism even in this watered down version of Oliver twist). Moving the lesson to a new venue made the students relax and the informal nature of the play made the students more expressive. The different dimensions presented during the lesson enabled the students to explore other talents apart from academics. In addition, there was personal interaction between students who on normal occasions were strangers to each other. On the other hand, Oliver twist is an outstanding literary work that explores most if not all aspects of society. The fact that the main character is a young boy is also a plus because it is easy for the students to relate to his struggles even if the society Oliver twist lived

Hand and Wrist Positioning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hand and Wrist Positioning - Essay Example The four-view wrist series includes semipronated and semisupinated (reverse) oblique views, Posteroanterior (PA) and PA in ulnar deviation and the three-view hand series includes the semipronated oblique views, PA and Lateral view (Kurtz, 1997). These are the three common positions of X-ray for both the wrist and hand (Kurtz, 1997). The techniques of (PA), Oblique and lateral projections are used to perform the radiography for routine examination of hand and wrist (Dr.Ahmad, 2008; Joseph, 2007) and the best view conventionally according to Dr.Ahmad (2008) is PA projection. The main difference between hand and wrist positioning for the three views are how the fingers are held. In the semipronated oblique view the fingers in hand X-ray are held â€Å"as flat as possible and slightly fanned out† but for wrist, the fingers â€Å"curled under into a loose fit to help press the wrist closer to the film if possible† (Kartz, 1997:1). In the lateral view for hand the positioning of fingers is like an okay sign so that on x-ray each finger is visible and for wrist finger’s position does not matter. In case of Scaphoid the positioning of fingers is similar to that of hand x-ray however â€Å"only one finger is extended so that the finger in question is the only one seen on all three pictures† (Kartz, 1997:1). Bhat, A.K, Kumar, B. and Acharya A. (2011), Radiographic imaging of the wrist, Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery, May-Aug, 44(2):186-196, retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3193630/. Dr.Ahmad, N. (2008). The twists and turns of hand and wrist x-ray positioning. Auntminnie, X-Ray Patient Positioning Manual. Retrieved from http://cdn.auntminnie.com/user/documents/content_documents/X-Ray_Patient_Positioning_Manual_080402.pdf. Joseph, N. (2004). Film Critique of the Upper Extremity – Part 3: Hand, Wrist. Online Radiography Continuing Education for Radiologic X-ray Technologist. Retrieved

Diet and Nutrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Diet and Nutrition - Essay Example This essay focuses on the role of health policies in Australia and how they are going about working towards achieving a healthier way of life for the community and what measures have been taken with regard to this particular health issue. What are the changes brought about in the general attitudes of the people Is the impact positive, negative or neutral What more can be done to make the system more efficient and universal These are a few questions this essay attempts to answer. The faced pace of life coupled with a sedentary lifestyle has brought along with it a myriad of diseases and health problems which were unknown to humankind a till a century ago. On one hand medical science has emerged victorious in fighting the battle against plague, small pox and to an extent polio as well but on the other hand humankind today has become more susceptible to diseases like diabetes, hypertension, obesity strokes, cancers and AIDS. The prevalence of these ailments is more in developed nations, which is a major cause of concern as they greatly affect a nations health care budget. It is of common knowledge that most of these diseases stem from poor dietary habits, lack of physical exercise although they are confounded by various other hereditary and psycho- social factors. Since it is a very vast area, the intensity and impact of is difficult to assess and control. It thus continues to eat into our society like an invisible malignancy. The National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organization states that: 'health is not just the physical well-being of an individual, but the social, emotional, and cultural well-being of the whole community in which each individual is able to achieve their full potential as a human being thereby bringing about the total well-being of their community'1 Keeping this statement in mind we shall discuss the negative impact and repercussions of improper diet and nutrition, which is currently a national health priority with the Australian Health Care System. Today's "yuppie lifestyle" has bred the demand of "instant and readymade". People do not have the time to assess their nutritional requirements and the exhaustive timings in the corporate world leave them with no energy for physical exercise. There is no fixed pattern for meals, meals are skipped many a times and whatever food is available is consumed without second thoughts. The easiest solution in this solution seems to be fast food or processed food, which is available off the racks. This results in excessive consumption of salt, trans- fats and sugars, which are all anti - health agents. Health status of an individual primarily depends upon the quantity and quality of the food consumed-the right type and amount of food is important in meeting the nutritional needs of the body and fighting chronic

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 31

Reflection - Essay Example The experience narrated on the Magnaporthe grisea (MGA) dilemma faced by Professor John Hamer, reportedly a molecular biologist at Purdue University, paved the way for the discovery of a practical, yet revolutionary discovery, using the four habits of the mind. One, therefore, realized that there are still much to be discovered through scientific inquiry or through assuming an explorative and inquisitive stance in life. Today’s problems in various facets, could find solution with the appropriate application of these habits of the mind. The example of its application in a science classroom enabled the development of needed skills in the students; and paved the way for greater interests in learning. One hereby asserts that through the knowledged gained from the article, one is truly inspired that through the four habits, solutions to societies’problems could be envisioned as viably possible – with enough curiosity, openness, skeptism, and communication. Other course modules could use these theoretical framework to be integrated in the curriculum, as a means to find practical solutions, to problems which could have been deemed

School Uniforms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

School Uniforms - Research Paper Example They are of the view that uniforms can prevent the intrusion of external antisocial elements in school campuses. Proponents also argue that uniforms can prevent discrimination and can develop a sense of equality among students. At the same time, critiques argue that unified dress code is the prevention of natural right. They believe that the basic right of self expression is denied when uniforms implemented strictly in school campuses. The mental development of the children will be negatively affected if they denied the opportunity for self expression. This paper analyses the pros and cons of implementing uniforms in schools. School uniforms can provide safety and security to the students. The 'safety' argument is that â€Å"school uniforms make it more difficult for unwelcome outsiders to infiltrate the school grounds† (Those disgusting School Uniforms). In most of the school violence cases, the intrusion of outsiders plays a major role. Antisocial elements always try to intr ude into the schools in order to exploit the school children for different purposes. School uniform prevents the intruders from entering the school campuses as the authorities can easily identify them when some problem occurs in the school campus. Thus the chances of crimes can be considerably reduced if school uniforms implemented strictly in school campuses. ... Those who bring expensive dresses may show higher ego complexes whereas those who bring cheaper dresses may feel ashamed. Thus the development of self esteem may become different among school children if they allowed bringing their own dresses rather than uniforms. Moreover, the attention of the students may shift from what they hear in the class to what they see in the class if school uniforms are not there. Absence of uniforms in schools can create family and social problems also. Seeing expensive dresses of fellow students will encourage poor students to persuade their poor parents to purchase such expensive items for them which may create lot of family and social problems. If the parents fail to purchase expensive dresses for their children, the children may create lot of problems inside the family and in the society. Moreover, the jealousy about the expensive dresses of another student may result in the development of conflicts among students. It is quite possible that segregati on occurs inside a class with respect to rich and poor students, if the school uniforms were implemented. School uniforms also ease the financial burdens on parents, who otherwise are forced to spend hundreds of dollars outfitting their children in the latest designer clothes. Uniforms also add to security since it is harder to conceal weapons while wearing a uniform and school administrators can easily detect non-students. These factors create a safer, more open learning environment (Knowles) â€Å"The school uniform is the single-most visible element of any school. Students in school uniform are in fact walking advertisements for a school, giving an impression of the school for good or for bad throughout an entire town or city† (School Uniform). School

Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 31

Reflection - Essay Example The experience narrated on the Magnaporthe grisea (MGA) dilemma faced by Professor John Hamer, reportedly a molecular biologist at Purdue University, paved the way for the discovery of a practical, yet revolutionary discovery, using the four habits of the mind. One, therefore, realized that there are still much to be discovered through scientific inquiry or through assuming an explorative and inquisitive stance in life. Today’s problems in various facets, could find solution with the appropriate application of these habits of the mind. The example of its application in a science classroom enabled the development of needed skills in the students; and paved the way for greater interests in learning. One hereby asserts that through the knowledged gained from the article, one is truly inspired that through the four habits, solutions to societies’problems could be envisioned as viably possible – with enough curiosity, openness, skeptism, and communication. Other course modules could use these theoretical framework to be integrated in the curriculum, as a means to find practical solutions, to problems which could have been deemed

Contemporary issues in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary issues in business - Essay Example Countries with citizens who still have problems in meeting basic needs like food, clothing, and housing are an ideal testing ground for the comprehension of Bottom of Pyramid. The most challenging issue to this strategy is defining those people who are said to be at the base of the pyramid, as there are those who earn less than two dollars a day, and there are those who earn slightly higher than two dollars a day, but are still languishing in poverty. Many companies especially the multinational corporations invest on Bottom of Pyramid, so as to lift the lives of billions of people out of poverty and desperations that seem to continue, if the gap between the rich and the poor continues to widen. For example, the Unilever Company is one of the companies that have adopted the Bottom of Pyramid as a corporate strategy. Many CEOs have come to look at this strategy with a new lens (Prahalad, 2010). There is some evidence that can be used to prove that the innovations in the Bottom of the P yramid can and have resulted to profitable business. Business leaders, who have adopted the Bottom of Pyramid strategy, have started to re-examine and see the role of business in the society. This strategy has provided a platform for global innovations, which have a lot of implications in the world of business today. Therefore, though the Bottom of Pyramid has its own shortcomings, it is a very important strategy that most organizations can adopt (Prahalad, 2010). What is â€Å"Bottom of Pyramid?† There have been many discussions on the concept of ‘Bottom of Pyramid’ in business today and no precise definition has been put forward to define the concept. However, this concept was originally introduced â€Å"to draw attention to the 1-5 billion poor, who are unserved or underserved by the large organized private sector including multinational firms† (Prahalad, 2010, p. 6). The main aim of the Bottom of Pyramid is to ensure that the rich, who are the ones occ upying the top of the pyramid would be sensitized to help those who are less fortunate, and who are the majority occupying the base of the pyramid. Kazmi defines it as a strategy that "refers to exploiting the opportunities that are believed to be available in serving the poorer sections of the society and also serving social objectives† (2008, p. 207). Cited in Donohue, 2009. The above diagram is a representation of the rich occupying the top of the pyramid being the very few, and the poor occupying the base being the majority. In other words, it is a representation of how income in the world is distributed (Donohue, 2009). Thus, the Bottom of Pyramid refers to that population that leaves below the poverty line. How does the B.O.P Strategy Work? The term Bottom of Pyramid is said to be a relative term; it focuses on the strategies that companies can start to serve the populations, rather than un-serving and underserving them. When people say it is a relative term, it means th at, a person living at the Bottom Pyramid in China is different from someone living at the Bottom Pyramid in Somalia, though both are seen as living at the BOP, but in different contexts (Prahalad, 2010). This strategy also focuses on serving with approaches that are more profitable and relevant for application towards the bottom of the pyramid population. The debate on this issue will definitely continue before a very precise definitio

Airline industry analysis by Porters Five Forces Essay Example for Free

Airline industry analysis by Porters Five Forces Essay The Airline industry provides a very unique service to its customers. It transports people with a high level of convenience and efficiency that cannot not be provided by any other industry or substitute. Airline companies pride themselves on the way they treat their customer during the flight. They have things such as food, drinks, entertainment, and a welcoming staff. The service of transportation is provided in other industries but the airline surpasses all of them when it comes to timeliness. The geographic scope of the airline industry is at a global level. Some firms are able to fly their planes all over the world while others focus on smaller geographic areas. The five forces model is one way to answer the first basic question in strategic management; â€Å"Why are some industries more attractive than others?† This model shows the five forces that shape industry competition; threat of new entrants, bargaining power of buyers, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of suppliers, and competitors. In order to analyze the airline industry we have look at each of these forces. Bargaining power of Buyers The airline industry is made up of two groups of buyers. First, there are individual flyers. They buy plane tickets for a number of reasons that can be personal or business related. This group is extremely diverse; most people in developed countries have purchased a plane ticket. They can do this through the specific airline or through the second group of buyers; travel agencies and online portals. This buyer group works as a middle man between the airlines and the flyers. They work with multiple airline firms in order to give customers the best flight possible. Between these two groups there is definitely a large amount of buyers compared to the number of firms. There are low switching costs between firms because many people choose the flight based on where they are going and the cost at the time. This is some loyalty to firms but not enough for high switching costs. Each customer needs a lot of important information. They need to know the details of what  is provided during the flight. Buyers need to understand the timing of the flight and the safety aspects of flying in general. The service provided is unique. Each airline has a niche. Some airlines focus on cost, while others focus on having the best amenities, etc. Overall the bargaining power of buyers has an extremely low threat in this industry. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Next we look at the bargaining power of the suppliers. In this case the major suppliers are the airplane manufacturers. The top two manufacturers in the world currently are Boeing and Airbus(Odell,Mark). In this industry the inputs are extremely standardized. Airline companies only seem to differentiate with amenities. The planes are very similar. Currently some manufacturers are trying to make their plans more ecofriendly. Airline companies cannot easily switch suppliers. Most firms have long term contracts with their suppliers. Planes are such high capital products that firms probably make long term loan agreements and have more favorable credit terms when they don’t switch companies. It is difficult to enter into the plane manufacturing industry because of the capital needed to enter. The amount of money and expertise needed to make even one plane is around 200 million dollars. For this reason there are very few suppliers in the airline industry. Airline firms are the only source of income for these manufacturers so their business is extremely important. Based on these things the bargaining power of suppliers has a low threat as well. Threat of New Entrants Threat of new entrants is another major aspect of the five forces. This aspect has a low threat for the airline industry. There are two aspects that do however raise the threat level. First, there are extremely low switching costs. Second, there are no proprietary products or services involved. Even with these two aspects the industry still has a very low threat overall. Existing firms have a large cost advantage. This industry requires  a large amount of capital and without a strong customer base there will be little to no profit in the first few years. Existing firms can and will use their high capital to retaliate against newer firms with whatever means necessary such as lowering prices and taking a loss. Although there are low switching costs between brands, consumers tend to only chose well-known names. Airline tickets are expensive so people don’t want to give that money to firms they don’t trust. There is also a huge safety aspect involved and most consumers feel safer with firms that have been around for a long period of time. This industry requires plane and flying experience which also lowers the threat of entry. When firms decide to enter the market they first have to become licensed which can take about a year. After that they are constantly being regulated by several organizations such as the Federal Aviation Administration and the Department of Transportation. The time and money spend to solely open an airline company is enough to prevent most people from entering the industry. Threat of Substitutes After looking at the threat of entry it is important to also consider the threat of substitutes. This industry has a medium substitute risk level. There are substitutes in the airline industry. Consumers can choose other form of transportation such as a car, bus, train, or boat to get to their destination. There is however a cost to switch. Some means of transportation can be more costly than a plane ticket. The main cost is time. Planes are by far the fastest form of transportation available. Airlines surpass all other forms of transportation when it comes to cost, convenience, and sometimes service. Consumers do sometimes choose other methods for various reasons such as cost if they are not traveling very far which raises the risk. Rivalry among Existing Players The last area of the five forces is the rivalry among existing players. The rivalry in the airline industry is very intense for many reasons. The industry is currently very stagnant. It seems to be in the mature stage of the business cycle. The number of competitors stays the same in the long run  and it doesn’t seem to be under or over capacitated. The fixed costs are extremely high in this industry. This makes it hard to leave the industry because they are probably in long term loan agreements in order to stay in business. The products involved or the planes are highly complex which also heightens the competition. The competition is lessened by the brand identities of different firms. For example, Jetblue is known for its amenities and Southwest is known for its low prices. The market share seemed to be equally distributed because each company has its own part of the market and because switching costs are low none of the firms can really hold a large percentage of the market. The strongest forces in this industry are the competition of existing firms and the power of suppliers. The rivalry of existing players is high and will push out any firm that doesnt have enough capital. Suppliers are strong forces because planes are so costly to make. If the suppliers changed the credit terms by even a small amount it could mean a significant loss for the firm. On the other hand the other forces involved seem to have a weak threat. It is costly and time consuming to enter the market which lowers the risk of entry. Buyers have a weak force because of the low switching costs and substitutes are weak because they are usually too costly. The profit in this industry is high because for most people flying in necessary. It is not a trend which makes this industry profitable for the long term. Airlines that are more profitable are in a better position because they usually have more planes and a larger variety of flights which provides further convenience for the consumer. Recently there have been some changes in some of the forces. Some airplane manufacturers have been making ecofriendly planes, which is a change in the bargaining power of suppliers. This would differentiate the products, raising the threat of suppliers. Another recent change is the use of web portals such as Expedia to book flights. This positive change creates a whole new group of buyers and makes purchasing flights faster and easier. The increase in gas prices has also been a positive change for the industry  because it lessens the power of substitutes. People are more willing to fly to their destination if driving would be more expensive. After looking at the Five Forces Model firms should make dealing with the competition their main priority. The other areas in the model seem to have an overall low threat so existing firms don’t have to focus on those areas as much in their business strategy. Now that we have brought you through our Porters Five Force analysis, the last thing that is important to consider when exploring an industry, are the dominant economic features. The next section of our report will give you an overview of what features affect the airline industry most.

Marketing Audit Of Primark Stores Limited

Marketing Audit Of Primark Stores Limited This report will start with an exhaustive examination of the internal factors of the organisation with a critique of its Marketing Mix. A SWOT Analysis will then be performed to get more evidence of where the company is standing now. The fourth part of the report consists of the auditing of external environment of the business with the help of a very effective tool which is PESTLE factors. To perform marketing audit in best possible manner another tool named Competitive Analysis will be employed which is also known as Porters 5 Forces Analysis. Here a broader view is adapted by looking at the fashion retail sector as a whole along with competition as faced by Primark Stores Limited. Marketing Audit of Primark Stores Limited A marketing plan clearly defines all the decisions relating to the marketing mix for the given product or service. Then each of the mix elements would be made into a plan at a further tactical level in the organisation to be implemented. The framework remains basic and unchanged at marketing and corporate level. It can be simply described as: Where are we now? (Audit) Where are we going? (Objectives) What are the alternative ways of getting there? Choosing the best option and developing an action plan (Tactics) Implementation and Control (Cravens and Piercy, 2003) The question of the report clearly indicates the researcher to focus upon the marketing plan, the implementation of which begins with a marketing audit. This report will attempt to do the marketing audit of Primark Stores Limited. Primark needs no formal introduction as being a value clothing retailer in UK; now more so when people are worried about the economy and employment. It has in total 207 stores across Europe in countries like Ireland (Trading as Penneys in Ireland), UK (145 Stores), Spain, The Netherlands, Portugal, Germany and Belgium (www.primark.co.uk). Primark outperformed MS this September with 17 per cent increase in profits and figure of  £233million (www.dailymail.co.uk). This Company is chosen for two other reasons as it being a prominent player in affordable fashion retail sector (www.gurdian.co.uk) and secondly the writer has worked in the retail sector and is hoping to secure a graduate placement in the same industry. Critique of Primarks Marketing Mix This Marketing Audit can prove useful in evaluation of the companys marketing, since evaluation compares results with expectations the findings should prove interesting and helpful. (Cravens and Piercy, 2003) Gillian and Wilson, 2003 suggest that a distinct competitive position as compared to other companies can be established and sustained through the manipulation of the elements of the marketing mix. In UK, services account for greater economic output as compared to manufacturing. In retail sector as well equal importance is placed on customer service and thus the 7 Ps of Marketing Mix are considered here. Primarks 7 Ps analysis is described below: Product: This is the first element of the marketing mix, the product is widely understood as the tangible and physical entity that is bought and sold. However there are three levels of a product namely the Core Product, the Actual Product and the Augmented Product. This is briefly explained in the diagram below: three_levels.gif Source: www.marketingteacher.com In case of Primark the Core Product is the Benefit that one gets by buying clothes and fashion accessories acceptance in society, protection from weather conditions, etc. The Actual Product will be clothes that are sold in stores and Augmented Product will be after sale services like refund and exchange. This also includes tools like Product Management, New Product Development, Product Life Cycle, Customer Life Cycle and Branding. It can be said that Primark has mastered its mix in an efficient way and this P has been added in the best possible manner. It has a product range comparable to any other clothes and fashion retailers. One can buy from socks to over coats and also home decoration products like bed sheets and so on. Price: Pricing consist various decisions and choices to price the product or service provided. This in broader sense includes terms of business, discount structures and pricing strategies. Pricing strategies can range from Value Pricing, Promotional Pricing, Psychological Pricing, Product Bundle Pricing and Geographical Pricing. The diagram below attempts to simplify the strategies: pricing_matrix.gif Primark without any doubt falls into Economy Pricing and that has been the key ingredient for the success of the company and also in making it more known brand name than its parent company which is Associated British Foods. It is undoubtedly a no frills low price retailer with cheapest rates in the market for majority of its products. Place / Distribution: This element refers to logistic and channel management, physical distribution of the goods and services. It is apparent from the pricing and policies of the company that it does not sell its products online. It has done very well in terms of the location of the stores in majority of town centers as well as high streets and Oxford Street Branch is one strong example of it. This is a key ingredient which Primark is suggested to re-evaluate as there is one more tool which is the most effective in todays retail environment which is e-retailing which can be used to its benefit with careful consideration. Promotion: Promotion is supposedly the most considered P among the other elements and in writers experience and the elements of Promotion Mix would form a very large chunk of the Marketing Budget of any retail company. Primark claims that it can deliver its products to the customer at cheaper rates which are thanks to their no promotions policy. (www.primark.co.uk) This can be claimed as the best strategy suited to a no frills retailer like Primark to maintain feasibility. People: As consistent with the concept of marketing itself, people form the most important part of any service offered to the customer. It consists of tasks like employee selection, training and motivation. Employees are the brand they are selling in many ways. Primark has struck a good balance with this P in the mix making the Primark team full with energy and team spirit. Rigorous recruitment process takes place to test the individuals patience and swiftness in serving customers. Physical Evidence: This can be said that the products itself are the major part of the physical evidence and looking at the things like packaging, layout, dà ©cor and ease of access, Primark can be said to have well designed layouts where products can be found with less effort. However as the case with many no frills companies, other retailer would get more score on this P comparatively. Process Management: Here the process management would cover right from when customer enters the store to when they leave the store. This experience would be considered process and this is also a weaker element in the marketing mix of Primark for it being a very busy place to shop at and at many instances good tend to be damaged if not selected carefully. (Hartley, 2004) Primarks SWOT Analysis Being one of the most frequently used tools, strategic importance of SWOT Analysis is many a times undermined. The outputs suffer at some occasions due to the superficial ways in which it is conducted (Gillian and Wilson, 2003). Its rigorous implementation however could greatly assist in two major purposes: To separate meaningful data from just interesting data. To discover what the company can do to exploit its competencies within its market segments in present and in future. SWOT-Analysis-sm.jpg Source: www.bizstrategies.biz Weihrich, 1982 also argue that using same inputs in TOWS pattern increases their recognition and fully integrates them into strategic planning process. Discussing Primarks SWOT: Strengths: Vast Product Range and Cheap Prices Part of Ethical Trading Initiative with workers rights taken care of. UKs second largest clothing retailer according to volume. (www.tnsglobal.com) Selling around 20 Own Brand Labels. Weaknesses: Bad name with allegations of child labour and worker rights. Criticised due to quality of clothes many times. Weak in terms of Augmented Product. (Figure in Section 2) Opportunities: Expansion in European countries. Improvement of Brand Image. Use of e-retailing. Threats: Competitors make use of Promotion element very well. Asdas own brand- George. Few shops degrading the name of the brand due to bad quality of service and unmaintained and shabby merchandising. Primark clothing.jpg Analysing PESTLE factors for Primark There is an argument that it is many a times not the customer but the external factors that decide what happens in the market. For example insurance companies are directly or indirectly involved with the design of smoke detectors and activists can demand of design change in dolls. (Salancik and Upah, 1978) For Marketing Audit to be realistic one of the binding necessities is to study the external trends. Amongst various approaches, analysing PESTEL factors is deemed best which include political, economical, sociological, technological, legal and environmental issues. Political Factors Government regulations in terms of worker health and safety. Primarks UK energy consumption is sourced against green power generated and sold into the grid by British Sugar. Economical Factors Economic turbulence might actually encourage the customer to buy cheaper clothes and save some money. In this way the economic factor has been a blessing in disguise for Primark. Sociological Factors UK Charity War on Want investigated and reported that the conditions of the workers in Bangladesh had not improved after all the problems with Indian Suppliers. Primark products are not considered to be very good in quality and thus rejected by many segments of customers. It is believed you will come across people wearing same t-shirt or other piece of clothing about 10 times in a day if it is bought from Primark. Technological Factors It is keeping ahead of the competition in a way by getting Entropy Software Platform developed by BSI Management Systems, which will enable global visibility and better management control in line with its ethical trade strategy. (www.bsigroup.com) Legal Factors It had to face legal issues regarding the child labour allegations. Its expansion in Europe might have undergone extensive legal checks to ensure it is abiding by the local laws. Environmental Factors It has to consider the environmental sustainability issues and it has also acted upon it by dumping plastic bags and giving away paper bags. Recent news shows that due to Throwaway Fashion in last five years, textile waste has rise from 7 percent to 30 percent. It is being called The Primark Effect. (www.dailymail.co.uk) Primarks Michael Porters 5 Forces Analysis Porter, 1980 emphasised that the first determinant of a firms profitability is the attractiveness of the industry in which it operates. The second determinant is competition. This led him to device five forces that determine the nature and intensity of competition within the industry which are described in the diagram below: Source: www.businessballs.com Based on: Michael Porters Five Forces of Competitive Position Model Threat of New Entrants Risk Very Low: High cost of setup. Power of the Supplier Risk Very Low: No single big supplier and less bargaining power of suppliers. Power of the Buyer Risk High: Competition in Market and no switching cost. Competitive rivalry Risk Moderate: Few low price retailers with similar vast range of products. Threat of the Substitutes Risk Moderate: Existing low price retailers but none that can be called a substitute. Conclusion This report started with an introduction to Marketing Plan and the first function of it which is Market Audit. Primark Stores Limited is chosen for various mentioned reasons. A critique of its Marketing Mix followed with a SWOT Analysis which gave a deeper insight into the companys current standing. Auditing of external environment of the business was then carried out with the help of PESTLE factors and Porters 5 Forces Analysis. It is apparent from the study that there are two areas namely its Brand Image and Online Presence that Primark need to work on and on the other hand it position is quite strong and its marketing mix very effective. This report concludes with a quote by Porter which summarises the whole study very coherently, 1998 Pp.142: Competitive Strategy means taking offensive or defensive actions to create a defendable position in an industry, to cope successfully with competitive forces and thereby yield a superior return on investment for the firm. Firms have discovered many different approaches to this end, and the best strategy for a given firm is ultimately a unique construction reflecting its particular circumstances. [Word Count: 2094 words]

Football Essay examples -- essays research papers

College Football VS. Pro Football   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With a growing number of people becoming interested in professional football along with college football, I thought I would explain some of the contrasts and comparisons’ between the two divisions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first big contrast is the number of teams and number of games they play in a season. College football has 117 teams in the division 1-A, which is the top division. There are over a thousand teams in the 5 lower divisions. College teams play any where from 11 regular season games to 13. Some conferences have conference championship games which is another game and then the bowl games (Which is the college footballs postseason, which we’ll talk about later) if you make one. So basically college teams can play any where from 11 to 15 total games in a year. All 32 pro football teams play 16 games in a regular season. If you make the playoffs you can play up to 4 more games if you keep winning games in the playoffs. Also pro football teams play a preseason which college doesn’t. The preseason can consist of four to five more games. Pro football teams can play a minimum of 16 games and a maximum of 20 games. The 2 common parts of the season for the pros and college teams is that don’t play everyone in one season and they get a bye week during the year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  College and pro tea...

Computer-Mediated Versus Face To Face Communication :: Essays Papers

Computer-Mediated Versus Face To Face Communication The invention of the computer changed the face of interpersonal communication forever. The Internet has contributed even further to this change. Through the Internet we can communicate with others online, through text, in almost any part of the world at any time. This is called computer-mediated communication and has become a major part of our lives. In many cases, people communicate by computer more than face to face or by phone. Is this a good thing and is communication in our society heading in the right direction via computer? Researchers have different views on this matter because there has been research done to indicate that computer-mediated communication can be both good and bad. The question then arises, who is right? A closer look at the two sides of the matter should help shed light on a more concrete conclusion. There are many people who attribute anxiety to face-to-face communication. These same people often find it much easier to communicate by computer. According to research published in "Communication Research Reports," through computer-mediated communication, apprehensive communicators have an advantage in that it may nullify certain features of communication contexts that tend to heighten anxiety (Patterson). Research shows that computer-mediated communication acts as a mitigating variable with regard to status differentials and it reduces evaluation fears that lead to communication avoidance and withdrawal (Gojdycz). This means that CMC, computer-mediated communication, allows us to communicate with one another without placing specific labels on the people we are communicating with such as race, age, physique, or even the sound of their voice. Why is this important? These labels often act as barriers to our communication. Many people find it difficult to communicate with others unlike themselves and this barrier is removed during CMC. In CMC, people have the choice of what to reveal about their appearance and they are not bound to it as they often are in face-to-face communication. Others tend to feel very differently about computer-mediated communication. In an article in "Communication Education," researchers came to very different conclusions about computer-mediated communication and it's effects. These researchers point out that when using CMC we lose a lot of social interaction. For example, when chatting or e-mailing someone you do not get the benefit of seeing their body language or hearing their tone of voice. This is a concept known as "cues filtered out" and it plays a major role in the opposition of CMC. Computer-Mediated Versus Face To Face Communication :: Essays Papers Computer-Mediated Versus Face To Face Communication The invention of the computer changed the face of interpersonal communication forever. The Internet has contributed even further to this change. Through the Internet we can communicate with others online, through text, in almost any part of the world at any time. This is called computer-mediated communication and has become a major part of our lives. In many cases, people communicate by computer more than face to face or by phone. Is this a good thing and is communication in our society heading in the right direction via computer? Researchers have different views on this matter because there has been research done to indicate that computer-mediated communication can be both good and bad. The question then arises, who is right? A closer look at the two sides of the matter should help shed light on a more concrete conclusion. There are many people who attribute anxiety to face-to-face communication. These same people often find it much easier to communicate by computer. According to research published in "Communication Research Reports," through computer-mediated communication, apprehensive communicators have an advantage in that it may nullify certain features of communication contexts that tend to heighten anxiety (Patterson). Research shows that computer-mediated communication acts as a mitigating variable with regard to status differentials and it reduces evaluation fears that lead to communication avoidance and withdrawal (Gojdycz). This means that CMC, computer-mediated communication, allows us to communicate with one another without placing specific labels on the people we are communicating with such as race, age, physique, or even the sound of their voice. Why is this important? These labels often act as barriers to our communication. Many people find it difficult to communicate with others unlike themselves and this barrier is removed during CMC. In CMC, people have the choice of what to reveal about their appearance and they are not bound to it as they often are in face-to-face communication. Others tend to feel very differently about computer-mediated communication. In an article in "Communication Education," researchers came to very different conclusions about computer-mediated communication and it's effects. These researchers point out that when using CMC we lose a lot of social interaction. For example, when chatting or e-mailing someone you do not get the benefit of seeing their body language or hearing their tone of voice. This is a concept known as "cues filtered out" and it plays a major role in the opposition of CMC.

3 Best Consumer Products Essay

There, without a doubt, have been amny amazing inventions throughout the past century. As a frequent user of many of these, including the television, personal computer, and DVD player, it took me a while to narrow it down to the three best. With that, I have concluded what I believe to be the three best consumer products of the past one-hundred years. Being the music fanatic that I am, I believe the CD, or compact disk, to be my favorite of the inventions. To begin with, the CD is much smaller, slimmer, and easier to store and carry than previous music devices, such as records and cassette tapes. Also, CDs are able to store so much music; up to ninety minutes on some disks. There are a few disadvantages to the CD as well. They must be handled very carefully so they are not scratched. Another disadvantage is that they are more costly than a cassette or record. The compact disk has become a major staple in most households today. Next would have to be the dishwasher. One of the things I love about the dishwasher is the immense amount of time it saves. Many dishes can be washed at once in the amount of time it would usually take to wash much less by hand. A disadvantage of the dishwasher would include pre-washing. Usually the dirty dishes need to be rinsed off thoroughly before being placed in the dishwasher, as sometimes it does not clean the dishes completely. Overall, I still consider the dishwasher to be a great product due to the busy, hectic lives of people of the twenty and twenty-first centuries. Lastly, as I am sure most would agree, would the be the cell phone. Cell phones are now so small and compact that they are able to fit most anywhere. They are a great thing to have in case of emergencies, as well. In the past few years, cell phones have evolved in so many ways to include such features as text messaging, cameras, and even the internet. With all of these features also comes expense. Cell phones can cost anywhere from thirty to thousands of dollars. Another downside cell phones would be that they are not always reliable. Depending on one’s location, cell phones are capable of losing service, which can be quite irritating. Despite the few disadvantages, I would still consider it to be the third greatest consumer product of the past century. Though all of the products I have listed could use a little improvement in some areas, I belive most would agree that the compact disk, dishwasher, and cell phone are three very wonderful products that have changed the lives of many. I believe those to be the three best consumer products of the past one-hundred years.

Maya Angelou Essay

As a woman you are created with a special gift, it’s like little extra ingredients that all women have within them. The poem â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† by Maya Angelou, she speaks about the elegance of a woman, her inner being the way she glow without saying a word Maya expressed how men are amazed by her presence â€Å"men themselves have wondered what they see in me† (line 31-32). It’s hard to put your finger on it all women were born with the power. In the poem â€Å"Still I rise† by Maya Angelou she described the struggles of life trials and tribulations you face in society and the way people may judge you. As if she was writing about a woman â€Å"does my sassiness upset you? †She also wrote in another stanza â€Å"does my sexiness upset you? †She used this comparison to show she is a sexy woman who demands respect. Maya’s attitude in this poem is portraying a confident black African American woman. She is really laughing at men challenging them. They cannot stop her from rising above all expectation. This poem gives you not only inspiration encouragement to be fearless; to the end of it all you must believe you still rise above it all. The title gives a sense of entity and power. This masterpiece the poem â€Å"phenomenal woman† has also empowered women to get more in touch with their inner beauty. Maya describes in great detail the mystery of women and the behavior of men and their reaction. It shows women to not only love your-self but to embrace every aspect of your mind, body and soul. Maya show that sexuality isn’t only related to outer beauty, or by the way you dress it more about how you feel within your own skin  she shows you instead of hating your body love it from the crown of your head to the sole of your feet. In society today women enhances their body by doing plastic surgery to feel accepted. She feels inferior clearly stating that every part of a woman is beauty. In comparisons to â€Å"Phenomenal Woman† and â€Å"Still I Rise† both poems Maya speaks about not bowing to the â€Å"oppressor†. You can feel her compassion in every word in Phenomenal Woman â€Å"now you understand why my head’s not bowed† (lines 47). Still I Rise forth stanza â€Å"with head bowed and eyes lowered?†, Within these lines she stresses that she will not conform to what society made her out to be, that she will soar above and beyond everyone expectations. The little gives a sense of entity and power. In conclusion these two poems have few similarities; Maya characterized the strength of an African American woman. By using powerful words she described the emotional aspect of inner beauty, standing proud professing no one will ever bring her down not by the color of her skin nor the fact of being a woman that there’s more within.

Miles Davis and Kind of Blue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Miles Davis and Kind of Blue - Essay Example This "Miles Davis and Kind of Blue" describes the career of Miles Davis, his contribution in jazz music and his album "Kind of Blue". The album in focus, Kind of Blue, was first released in 1959. The importance of this album lies apart from the importance of the innovations that it brought into the field of jazz, in the fact that it is the highest selling jazz album of all time. Its historical importance can be gauged from this fact itself. This album is unique as a result of the revolutionary impact of the chord changes that it effected in the structure of the jazz song. The melody of the song was earlier created through a structure that would be written earlier. However, with the introduction of modal jazz that was not exactly a Davis innovation, there was considerable scope for innovation as the melody was created through changes in the modes of the scale rather than the changes in chords. The dependence on chord was changed in a massive way when it came to Kind of Blue. This is t he reason as to why Davis is considered one of the greatest innovators of the genre. The technique of improvisation was built into the very structure of the composition and melody whereby the progression of the song could then happen through a process of improvisation on the part of the singer. Brought about by Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker, this revolution was brought to its logical conclusion by Miles Davis through Kind of Blue, his greatest album (Kaplan). One of the main genres of the twentieth century as far as music is concerned, is jazz. ... This album is unique as a result of the revolutionary impact of the chord changes that it effected in the structure of the jazz song. The melody of the song was earlier created through a structure that would be written earlier. However, with the introduction of modal jazz that was not exactly a Davis innovation, there was considerable scope for innovation as the melody was created through changes in the modes of the scale rather than the changes in chords. The dependence on chord was changed in a massive way when it came to Kind of Blue. This is the reason as to why Davis is considered one of the greatest innovators of the genre. The technique of improvisation was built into the very structure of the composition and melody whereby the progression of the song could then happen through a process of improvisation on the part of the singer. Brought about by Dizzy Gillespie and Charlie Parker, this revolution was brought to its logical conclusion by Miles Davis through Kind of Blue, his g reatest album (Kaplan). One of the main genres of the twentieth century as far as music is concerned, is jazz. Apart from the innovations that it introduced into other forms of music, it is also significant for its political importance as a genre that represented the aspirations and cultures of African American communities. The genre provided a voice to several people over the ages, voices that had been marginalized in the schemes of things as they existed earlier. The importance of jazz also lies in the way in which it was used to talk of certain issues that failed to be highlighted earlier as a result of the lack of an appropriate form of music or art. The emergence of jazz gave Black musicians an outlet through its freewheeling style that did not impose any

One of the three topics in the instruction Essay

One of the three topics in the instruction - Essay Example To cope up with these challenges the academic institutions and recruitment authorities should perform their responsibilities. The American Dental Education Association has declared that the healthcare providers have failed to give proper treatment competent to the cultural differences to the minorities which call for a diverse workforce (ADEA, 2005). The healthcare providers especially the dentists should concentrate towards increasing the workplace diversity as it is the first step to strength the relationship between the doctor and patient. The healthcare providers are somewhat successful in serving patients who belong to their own race or culture but when it comes to the minorities it becomes crucial for them to give equal treatment and therefore the workforce must be racially diverse. The Sullivan Commission Report states that 62% of black patients are treated by black dentists and 10.5% of black patients are treated by white dentists (Sullivan Commission on Diversity in the Healthcare Workforce, 2004). This clearly indicates that the health care services are highly affected by the racial differences. Another factor that emphasizes upon the need of workforce diversity is that the patients belonging to different cultures have entirely different beliefs for instance, in among Muslims anyone out of the immediate family cannot touch a woman and these women ask for a female doctor for themselves, for such conditions there should be a healthcare provider who clearly understand the patient’s reservations and can deal with their insecurities. The workplace diversity also minimizes the communication barriers between the patient and doctor. When the doctor communicates in the language of the patient and satisfies him with his concern and knowledge about his background then the patient feels comfortable and easily discusses the

Zeal Optics case analyze Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Zeal Optics analyze - Case Study Example To realize this, the company has to overcome some particular limitations that may come in the way of realizing this dream. Some of these challenges include how to raise the growth capital, improve marketing in the social media and how to expand its distribution among optical stores and sports retailers. For this reason, they invited some Fortune Small Business experts to help them plan the way forward. The first challenge that the Jacksons have to deal with is that of distribution. How best to expand their distribution network to more optical stores and sports retailers around the country. The company has immensely benefited from the network that it already has with sports and fitness companies. These partnerships have helped achieve the high performance despite the current domination by the top three brands that own about 70% of the market; Oakley, Mar and Smith and Costal del. With the expansion of the distribution centers, it is possible to reach a larger audience across the country (Gilson and Altman). It will also improve the discoverability of the items being sold by retailers. Zeal has also established links with some professional athletes that have served as Zeal spokespeople. Independent sales reps handle other outdoor-gear accounts that Zeal has made use of in the past. However as Scott Jaeger (a senior analyst at Leisure Trends Group) observed, the company has the poten tial to open up to 2,500 retail doors across the country. He also emphasized the fact that is of paramount importance to maintain a close relationship with the sales reps as they to ensure that they are carrying out their duties as required. Scott also proposes that the Jacksons consider focusing on the products that had the best sale values. The view comes from the fact that Zeal Optics had achieved a 86% sales growth in goggles, a product that that, in general, was down by 14%. The

Resistance to Civil Government by Henry David Thoreau Research Paper

Resistance to Civil Government by Henry David Thoreau - Research Paper Example In this case, the society is responsible for choosing the leaders. The leaders have a responsibility to ensure the people are protected at all times. In this case, the government should only engage in activities that are to the interest of the people and not otherwise. In the case, the government is not doing what it ought to do, the society has the right to disobey the government and even oust that particular government and elect leaders they believe would look after their interests. Thoreau is one of the people who were not afraid to do civil disobedience. He refused to pay taxes to the government because it was involved in activities that do not support the principles of a good government. The American government-supported slavery and was also involved in war with Mexico because of Texas. In Thoreau’s view, the American government was on the wrong. He questioned whether governments really do what they ought to do with the taxes they raise. Do they finance the good or the ba d? Supporting oppressing activities like slavery indicated to Thoreau that the American government was probably not doing the right thing and was not using the money well (Thoreau 25). According to him, taxes should not be paid to the national government if they have to be paid. Instead, they should be paid to the local community that would be responsible for the improvement of the infrastructure and amenities in the local region. Thoreau also states that the government should be keen to listen to the people it rules. In the case, issues are raised, the government should communicate back and address the issues raised. Thoreau claimed that there were many people against slavery and Mexican war yet the government did nothing. If the American government was really concerned about Americans and operated as per the philosophy, then it should have listened to the people and stopped slavery and the Mexican War (Thoreau 29). Thoreau was categorical that people should be very careful with th eir perspectives on the government. He argues that supporting government is a good thing but should only be supported if it democratic and just. On the other hand, supporting a government that is not just or good is in fact, committing a crime. According to Thoreau, unjust government is known to commit many criminals’ activities like slavery in the United States and Mexican war or oppressing the minorities. People supporting unjust government are also involved in criminal activities indirectly. This can make a person to have a heavy burden on the wrong doings and injustices the government does. Thoreau stated that he could not recognize his government which he termed as slave government as it perpetrated slavery. He is categorical that supporting a government does not necessary mean proclaiming allegiance to the government. Rather, it involves supporting the government through taxes. Thoreau questioned whether the government really uses the money for a good course using the M exican war as an example. Money was spent in the war and it was from the taxes the good citizens of the country had paid. Not supporting the government would be to stop paying taxes, which would otherwise be used for the wrong reasons. Soldiers and other people, that are the machinery to execute the unjust activities, should refuse to work for the government (Thoreau 57). While this has not happened in many countries, some governments have worked to ensure that the interests of the people are addressed accordingly. On the

Policy Implementation Paper_303 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Policy Implementation Paper_303 - Essay Example The Head Start program is no exemption to this. This program tries to reach nearly every deprived American, especially children (Horn, 2010). Even though, the United States has a vast number of resources, it also has other matters to attend to. Hence, this limits the amount of funds that could be used in the programs. Also, there is limited financial aid to the Head Start program from other nations such as the UK, and this, as expected, limits the funds of the program (Horn, 2010). The Head Start program also faces human capital issues. This mainly refers to persons who are responsible for implementing the program or doing the ground work. For instance, getting individuals who are ready to volunteer as teachers or part-time parents is a difficult task (Horn, 2010). Finally, it also has been a difficult task of implementing the program across various cultures across America. Some cultures do not welcome the program as the government expects. This makes it extremely hard for the program to assist those who it intended to

Stand By Me Story Essay Example for Free

Stand By Me Story Essay Stand By Me is the story of four twelve year olds living in a small town in the year 1959, whose lives were changed by a chance adventure that they embarked on at the end of an indolent summer. The four boys were Gordie Lachance, Chris Chambers Teddy Duchamp, and Vern Tessio. The boys had their own tree house with its special club rules, including a secret knock, and spent their time in meaningless arguments, playing games, or just hanging out. Although on the surface they are typical pre-adolescent boys, you soon find out that underneath their normal bravado and enthusiasm, each of them have problems at home to deal with. Gordies older brother Denny was recently killed in an auto accident, and his parents have not handled it well. They mope around their house and continually ask Gordie (who is an aspiring writer) why he isnt more like his brother, who was a popular athlete in town. Gordies best friend, Chris, who is intelligent, brave, and the natural leader of the group, has an alcoholic father, who constantly beats him, and an older brother who is a delinquent. Everyone in town figures that Chris will follow in their footsteps, so he is very much afraid of what his future will be. Teddy is the son of an emotionally disturbed war veteran who has abused him all his life. In his mind Teddy cannot accept his situation, so he has created a fantasy world in which his father is an All American war hero instead of an inmate in a mental hospital. Vern is on the chubby side, somewhat uncoordinated, and is constantly the butt of jokes. Verns older brother likes to push him around when he is there, and so Vern spends a fair amount of time hiding out. Yet Vern ends up being the catalyst of the story. He accidentally overhears his older brother describe the location where he is pretty sure that the dead body of a missing boy from the town that everyone had been looking for actually lies. This gives him a chance to be important in the pecking order of the club, and he brings this information to the other boys. Intrigued by the thought of seeing a real dead body and excited at the prospect of becoming heroes in the town for finding it, the boys decide to walk the twenty miles, which will take them two days to complete. They each tell their parents that they are spending the night at their friends house, but given their home situations, its not really a problem for them to take off. The journey starts off well enough, peppered with the bickering chatter  typical of twelve year olds, but soon they realize how unprepared they are. No one remembered to bring along any food and they have very little money. Read more:  Description of a fantasy city. This leads to their first adventure along the way as Gordie is elected to buy food at a store, but must sneak through the junkyard to do so. They end up being discovered by the junkyard owner who sics his dog on them for trespassing on his property. Later they out-run a train on a bridge, tell stories by the campfire, and have a traumatic experience with leeches when they take a shortcut through a swamp. Meanwhile, Ace Merrill leader of an older gang of town kids finds out about the location of the body from Verns older brother and decides to go find the body also, for basically the same reasons. The story comes to its climax point as the two groups square off at the site of the dead body. While Stand By Me seems to be another coming of age film, its meaning and interest really exists on two levels. The entire story is told in a series of flashbacks, narrated by the adult Gordie who is now a successful writer, and is lamenting a news clipping about the death of his childhood buddy Chris, who had succeeded in overcoming his self doubts and dysfunctional family situation to become a lawyer. Chris was killed because of the way he had lived, bravely intervening during an altercation in a restaurant, and suffering a knife wound for his efforts. You enter the mind of the writer throughout this film, in the way that the story is told, how the flashbacks move around in time when necessary, and especially in the hilarious story within a story told by Gordie at the campfire about Lardass Hogan and the pie eating contest. While the boys characters are quite believable, well acted, and superbly cast, the cathartic revelations of the boys innermost feelings, fears, and self-doubts almost on cue show the sure hand of writer Stephen King more than a sense of total reality.

Policy Development in the Hospitality Industry

Policy Development in the Hospitality Industry Introduction Standards and quality control within the hospitality industry are of critical importance, particularly within the kitchen and food safety areas of these businesses. Within this paper, the intention is to evaluate the benefits of quality tools to policy makers within the hospitality industry and discuss the effects of two of these tools in relation to a specific case example. 1) Quality Tools Quality has become a factor of importance in both the product and the service offered to the consumer. In essence it is the art of seeking a continual improvement in the processes, products and services that are provided (Dale 2003, p.5). However, when applied to hospitality, and in particular the operations of an industrial kitchen in this environment, the term â€Å"quality† also encompasses the health and safety aspect of the operation. In such cases, it is not simply a matter of ensuring that the product and service is of the quality expected by the consumer, but that it has also eliminated the health and safety risk factor, both in respect of the consumer and other business stakeholders, which include the employees who work within the kitchen environment. In other words it has to address both the internal and external issues. Thus it can be seen that there are a number of ways in which the use of quality control tools can assist to achieve its core aims, particularly within the hospitality industry. In addition to the safety of the product itself, these also relate to other aspects, which include the environment, cooking process and team effort of the business (Mortimore and Wallace 2000, p.29). With the main element of an industrial hospitality kitchen being the standard and quality of the food that is served to the customers, it is important that the quality control focuses on the safety as well as the quality of the food being prepared. In an effort to reduce the potential of complaints within this area, there are several issues that need to be addressed, such as the quality and safety of the food supplied, its storage, the method of cooking and the service to the consumer. The introduction of quality models such as the FMEA[1] and HACCP[2] systems are essential in ensuring that no issues arise in terms of the condition of food on its arrival from the supplier, the kitchen storage facilities or the cooking processes. The purpose of FMEA system works on the basis of combining risk and cause and effect analysis, with the intention of endeavouring to forecast potential system failures in advance as well as establishing what could cause such failures (Mortimore and Wallace 2000, p.2). Such failures are then judged by their severity; likelihood of happening and the ease of detection. With this information to hand it is then possible to design a solution to the problem, which includes a continual monitoring process. HACCP takes the process a step further by identifying points within the process where a potential hazard might occur and ensuring monitoring of these points. For example, if one takes potential complaints about food, this can manifest itself in several ways. Food can be contaminated at the source of supply or during the storage handling processes within the hospitality kitchen facility. Additionally, problems can arise from the cooking process. The severity of these problems can range from customer complaints in respect of over-under cooked foods to potential threatening health and safety issues such as food poisoning. The Foods Standard Agency (2007) have recently published guidelines which cover the procedures needed to prevent food incidents, which provides crucial information for the hospitality policy makers. From the supplier viewpoint this includes ensuring that the raw food and its processing, packaging and all controls for issues such as contamination are vigorously controlled and that there is a facility to enable action to be taken in the event of a complaint. Policies for food management within the Hospitality kitchen itself must include similar controls, which are subject to inspection by the local authority. These would apply to the kitchen storage facilities and their locations, which are required to ensure that food does not decompose or create additional health problems for the consumer (Knowles 2004, p.96). Similarly, the standard for training within the establishment need to be monitored to ensure appropriate hygiene standards are being adhered to by all staff (Knowles 2004, p.202). Furthermore, the hygiene and health and safety issue also applies to the employees within the business in respect of consumer’s safety. An example of these issues in reality can be demonstrated from an inspection that was conducted by Norwich City Council in relation to an office kitchen Hospitality unit (Environmental Health Food Team 2005). In this case the office in question was refurbishing their kitchen areas. The authority found several issues that needed addressing. Among these was the fact that the food storage facilities were inadequate and posed a threat to the freshness of the products, as did the fact that the staff changing rooms were located outside of the kitchen environment, which could expose their kitchen clothing to outside bacterial problems. Finally, the other aspects of quality that affects the hospitality kitchen are the health and safety issues that relate to employees. This has been evidenced by the concerns that can arise in relation to the potential back problems that can afflict an employee within the kitchen environment, as has been recognised by the Health and Safety Executive (CAIS 24 2006). As their report reveals, â€Å"back pain and upper limb disorders† are responsible for nearly 75% of the incidences of â€Å"occupational ill health,† which currently amount to in excess of two million lost work days a year, and a considerable number of these occur within the hospitality industry. Therefore it is important that policies regarding the positioning of equipment, maximum weight carrying levels and appropriate methods of lifting heavy products are instigated and monitored to ensure their compliance. Lack of such controls could lead to the employer being subjected to a claim under the Health and Saf ety legislations. 2) FMEA and HCCAP Within this section of the paper it is intended to assess the quality control procedures within a hypothetical situation. In this situation a cook chill company has conducted a FMEA on a product that is used within the hospitality. The product is a chicken casserole. The following results were recorded. Failure modes occurrence severity detection -Uneven garnish 1 1 5 -Incorrect stamp 1 9 9 -Packages edges stamped 2 6 6 What would need to be evaluated to provide a more accurate analysis in this case is the level of sampling provided, as the statistical information does affect the potential for detecting problems (Mortimore and Wallace 2000, p.190). If one applies a statistical confidence level based upon the regularity of the incidence occurring over a number of sample batches, and this reveals that the results are within a 5% band, then that level would be 95%. Statistical confidence levels are used to ascertain the level of confidence that the analyst has in the result of his findings. Applying this to the above table would result in the following results Failure modes occurrence severity detection -Uneven garnish 0.95 0.95 4.75 -Incorrect stamp 0.95 8.55 8.55 -Packages edges stamped 1.905.705.70 However, even based upon these lower result, and using 10 as the highest level of concern, the following information can be garnered. In occurrence terms, the most prolific problem relates to the issue of stamping package edges, with the least being uneven garnish. However, when one looks at the problem of severity and potential for detection the incorrect stamp are the major causes for concern, with incorrect stamping being by far the most important issue to address. Of itself, the problem of uneven garnish will not present a health and safety issue. Similarly, it cannot therefore be considered to be a hazard in that it will not result in a potential biological or chemical danger to the consumer (Mortimore and Wallace 2000, p.40). All that will result from this problem is a change in taste of the end product. Although the management may wish to address this from a quality viewpoint, it would not be the highest issue of the three to be addressed. Severity and difficulty in detection in relation to the incorrect stamp and edging stamps on the other hand do present difficulties and potential dangers, with the former being of most concern. Incorrectly packaged products can lead to health and safety issues with the consumer. For example, a vegetarian would be seriously displeased if they found that the chilli casserole that they thought contained no meat actually contained chicken. Similarly, for persons with allergies, the incorrect packaging could present problems. However, the problem with the edging stamp would be at a two-thirds level of importance compared with the labelling issue. Furthermore, one has to define the exact issue arising from the incorrect labelling as to whether it can be considered a health and safety hazard (Skelton 1997, p.6). If the problem was an incorrect date then the hazard is more significant that if it is just incorrect ingredients, as the former could lead to ill health affecting the consumer. Whilst ingredient errors may produce displeasure and complaint from the consumer, incorrect dating could lead to potential food poisoning and other health problems. It is at this latter stage that the real effect of a HACCP analysis, an alternative method for identifying potential issues (Skelton 1997, p.67) would be beneficial. HACCP views the process from the raw product stage until it ends up on the consumers plate and seeks to identify the critical points at which the problems identified above are likely to occur. As a result of this analysis it is possible for the policy maker in the Hospitality kitchen to institute a procedure that will ensure that these points are closely monitored in an effort to eradicate the problem, with records maintained at all times (Mortimore and Wallace 2000, p.2). From the above analysis it is apparent that, although from a individual viewpoint packaging does not present a health and safety issue (Mortimore and Wallace 2000, p.120), it is the fact that the information displayed upon it that, as has already been identified, creates the hazard. Therefore, the combination of the errors and hazards identified could produce serious problems in terms of the potential effect on the consumer’s health and, as a result, could lead to the management of the hospitality kitchen being prosecuted. Conclusion From the information and analysis that has been conducted for this paper, it is apparent that as part of the effective management of a kitchen within the hospitality industry the policy maker must ensure that, as a integral part of the management strategy, the issues of failure and hazard awareness and the methods of reducing the incidence of these risks are taken into account. Therefore, it is essential that every aspect of the process and operations of their kitchens be subjected to an FMEA and HACCP analysis. This should encompass the food supply chain; the maintenance and efficiency of equipment and the safety of their employees as well as their consumers. These finding support the beneficial use that such quality tools provide for the hospitality policy maker. References CAIS 24 (2006). Preventing back pain and other aches and pains to kitchen and food service staff. Health and Safety Executive. London, UK. Dale, Barrie (2003). Managing Quality. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Oxford, UK. Environmental Health Food Team (2005). Food Premises Inspection Report, Norwich City Council. Retrieved 16 May 2007 from http://www.norwich.gov.uk/intranet_docs/A-Z/Environmental%20Health/2005/Food_Awards/Mills_and_Reeve_Insp_151105.pdf Foods Standards Agency (2007). Principles for preventing and responding to food incidents. Retrieved 16 May 2007 from http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/principles23mar07 Knowles, Tim (2004). Food Safety in the Hospitality Industry. Butterworth-Heinmann Ltd. Oxford, UK. Mortimore, Sara and Wallace, Carol (2000). HACCP. A Practical Approach. Aspen Publishing. Maryland, US. Skelton, Bob (1997). Process Safety Analysis. An Introduction. Guld Publishing. Houston, US. Footnotes [1] Failure modes and effects Analysis [2] Hazard analysis and critical control points Policy Development in the Hospitality Industry Policy Development in the Hospitality Industry Brief 199613 POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY Question 1: In the context of the CDM Regulations and the refurbishment of a floor of bedrooms in a multi storey hotel, critically outline the purpose and content of the Health and Safety Plan and Health and Safety File. Discuss the relationship between the two components and how the Health and Safety File will be of benefit to contractors in the future. Critically assess the merits of the Building Regulations application process and construction technique utilised for Mcdonalds modular drive through restaurants. The following will evaluate the best way of refurbishing a floor of bedrooms in a multi storey hotel so that the renovated building complies with all relevant health and safety legislation and regulations. The requirement to meet all the relevant health and safety legislation and standards means that the designers and the builders of renovations are as legally responsible as the hotel owners for all breeches of those requirements. Failure to meet regulatory standards could leave the constructors liable for civil prosecution or prone to litigation by the hotel owners, the hotel staff besides the hotel guests. Prosecution or litigation that could take years after the original renovation was actually completed (Youell, 2003 p. 99). The best way to develop a renovation plan that will receive planning permission from the appropriate local authority is to know exactly which health and safety regulations the proposed renovation needs to fully comply with. If the hotel is exempt from any of the health and safety regulations or the hotel owners believe that it is exempt from those standards it is always best to double check. Besides ignorance of the law is not an excuse for breaking it, and it will not protect contractors from legal action been taken against them. Of more immediate concern for contractors tasked with renovations a failure to abide to all building or health and safety regulations could result in the refusal of planning permission. After all it will only cause delays if the renovation plans are refused planning permission or if such breeches of the health and safety standards are missed at that stage and leave the design firm as well as the hotel owners liable to prosecution or litigation. Renovation w ork that does not reach the required health and safety standards might not be good enough to last over the long-term without the need to be repaired or eventually replaced due to its low quality (Youell, 2003 p. 99). Therefore to ensure that the renovation proposals receive planning permission and are legally sound a Health and Safety Plan as well as a Health and Safety File are necessarily developed and maintained to safeguard the building contractors and the hotel owners from both accidents and legal proceedings. The purpose of the health and safety plan is to ensure that the hotel will be fully compliant with the health and safety regulations that it is required to meet so as to function legally as a hotel. To make a fully functioning health and safety plan not only needs a strong knowledge of relevant regulations; it also requires the blueprints or plans for the hotel itself. An understanding of the hotel’s layout is essential with regard to making the health and safety plan practical and well designed. The objective of the health and safety plan is to make sure all the safety measures within the hotel are clearly accessible thus allowing both hotel staff and all hotel guests to remain safe in any emergency situation. The content of the health and safety plan would include the design layout and the exact location of fire fighting equipment, first exits, fire alarms, and any available first aid facilities. The plan should also include where hotel employees and guests meet, should the hotel have to be evacuated, especially in the event of a fire taking hold of the premises. Consideration should also be given to the fitting of smoke alarms, fire alarms, and sprinkler systems (Youell, 2003 p. 99). Besides considering fire safety procedures, and first aid measures the health and safety plan should include measures to maintain hygiene standards in the kitchens, toilets, dining areas, and the guest bedrooms. Good hygiene standards are needed to ensure that the hotel remains clean, tidy, and free of dirt, allowing the hotel staff and all guests to avoid food poisoning or infection. The plan needs take into account the location of the kitchens, rubbish bins, and toilets in relation to the bedrooms used by guests. Poor hygiene standards and food poisoning could prove to be very bad for the future of the hotel, as it may bring it to the attention of environmental health officers that have the power to close it down until the hotel meets the minimum required regulatory standards (Bloomsbury, 2005 p.124). Another factor for maintaining the good hygiene of the hotel is the straightforward one of guests not wishing to return to dirty and unclean accommodation (Bloomsbury, 2005 p. 155). The purpose of the Health And Safety File is to record how the hotel complies with all relevant regulations before, during, and after the proposed renovations. The file is meant to ensure that the hotel sticks to the measures it set out in the Health and Safety Plan. The file should record the health and safety performance of the hotel with regard to the maintenance of equipment, facilities, as well as all the procedures that enhance safety standards or good hygiene. The Health and Safety File should also keep a note of all the training that the staff at the hotel is given in respect of maintaining and implementing safety measures and all hygiene standards. The hotel staff should ideally be given training to use fire fighting equipment when it is safe to do so, to provide first aid when needed, and carry out practice fire safety drills. When necessary staff will need to be given extra training should they not perform their duties to a high enough level to comply with the standards se t out in regulations. The Health and Safety File should also ensure that all hotel guests have access to information about the location of fire safety equipment, first aid facilities, and the assembly point in case of the hotel being evacuated (Youell, 2003 p. 99). There should be a strong relationship between the Health and Safety Plan and the Health and Safety File. The two items should compliment each other, as together they provide the means to plan and implement safety and hygiene standards at the hotel. The Health and Safety Plan sets out how the safety and hygiene standards will be achieved, whilst the Health and Safety File is intended to record what is actually happening at the hotel in terms of complying with regulations. The Health and Safety File by itself could be very useful to any contractors that need to carry out any building or renovation work at the hotel, as a means of checking the record of the hotel in meeting regulatory requirements. Contractors would be able to consult the Health and Safety File if they have any queries regarding the equipment, facilities, as well as the safety and hygiene procedures used by the staff at the hotel. If the Health and Safety File has been kept up to date consulting it will allow the contra ctors to know whether or not the hotel has been adhering to the regulations it is legally supposed to do at all times. Knowing if the hotel is not complying with regulation would give the contractor the opportunity to suggest building alterations or changes in safety and hygiene procedures that if implemented mean the hotel does comply with all relevant regulations (Bloomsbury, 2005 p. 155). There are ways of ensuring that a company only has to pay minimal attention to completing Health and Safety Plans and Files without breaking the regulations or ignoring the spirit of the law. The fast food company MacDonalds has probably devised the best way of minimising the planning permission required whilst adhering to the statutory safety and hygiene standards set out in regulations and legislation. As a company MacDonalds has made its fortune and its reputation by the mass standardisation of its restaurants, equipment, staff training, marketing image, and finally but by no means least its food products. People know what they are going to get when they go into a MacDonalds anywhere in the world, and more of them like it than dislike it (www.LHC.ORG.UK). MacDonalds believe that the standardisation process is definitely a successful strategy when it comes down to gaining rapid planning permission and complying with safety and hygiene standards. Planning authorities will be made aw are by the company that their restaurants are pr-designed to pass safety and hygiene standards, whilst all new staff will be fully trained to make sure that standards are always adhered to (Mason, 2005 p.44). The senior management are well aware of the benefits of standardisation, if one design passes safety and hygiene standards it is adopting that design for all its restaurants as that makes financial, marketing, and practical sense to do so (www.LHC.ORG.UK). MacDonalds have developed modular drive through restaurants as a method of constructing new outlets quickly at the same time as passing the Building Regulations application process. As a company MacDonalds has always set out to have all its ordinary and drive through restaurants designed to look exactly the same as each other as well as also having the same features and equipment. For MacDonalds having restaurants that look the same everywhere they are constructed has been a highly successful branding strategy and exercise that has allowed the firm to expand impressively across the globe. To be more precise it is a global franchise which, has expanded due to its high profits and relatively low capital costs (Mason, 2005 p. 44). However the merits of using modular designs go beyond marketing ploys and serve pragmatic purposes. When MacDonalds set out to design its modular drive through restaurants it certainly took the Building Regulation application process into account. The modular drive through restaurant was designed to meet safety and hygiene standards in as many countries as possible, so that they could be constructed in as many places as the company would like. The low cost of construction when combined with the ease of gaining planning at the same time as being able to pass all safety and hygiene standards makes buying into the MacDonalds franchise a good investment. The prefabricated structures have the advantage of not requiring a high degree of planning permission than buildings wholly constructed on site (www.LHC.ORG.UK). MacDonalds have found that with experience that prefabricated designs that already fully meet planning requirements and regulations will undoubtedly gain full building permission quickly wherever the proposed restaurant is located. The rapid gaining of building permission allows MacDonalds to have all its new drive through restaurants trading sooner rather than later. The new drive through restaurants thus quickly re-coup their modest construction costs and go into profit. Profits are not only made quickly; they are also made over a long-term basis as well. The use of prefabricated designs and materials therefore allows MacDonalds to expand its total number of restaurants at a much lower capital cost than many of its competitors. The beauty of the modular drive through restaurant design is that it is cheap and durable, yet it could also be quickly modified if it needed to be (Mason, 2005 p. 44). The modular design allows for standardised equipment to be fitted, equipment that could b e easily updated modified or completely replaced should building regulations alter, or if the company purchases improved equipment. The modular design is meant to be really simple to construct, maintain and keep clean. The simplicity of the kitchen areas is intended to make it easier to train staff to cook and prepare food as well as cleaning areas to maintain hygiene standards. The training of staff does not take long as all processes and procedures, as well as equipment and food is standardised. The simplicity of the whole operation means that food is prepared, cooked, and served faster (Bloomsbury, 2005 p. 117). Simplicity and standardisation keep costs low, product prices highly competitive, and the company’s profits high. Providing that all staff are trained and keep to the procedures they are taught the company should always be able to maintain safety and hygiene standards whilst never having to wait long for planning permission (www.LHC.ORG.UK). Question 2: Explain how the analysis of a local authority Development Plan can help the senior management team of a national hotel chain identify a suitable site for a new budget hotel in a particular locality? The majority of local authorities in Britain will have development plans to control where and whether new businesses or retail units would be constructed within the areas they control the planning for. Local authorities make up Development Plans as a means of generating wealth, creating jobs and regenerating run down districts and would wish to include such firms within their Development Plan. Development Plan would include the precise locations of where the new offices, hotels, and retail units would be sited. The Development Plan provides further useful information for the senior management to consider besides the proposed or the approved locations of other companies. For instance, every Development Plan should give the location of roads, motorways, railways, and rivers near or within the locality controlled by the local authority concerned. Other information that could be relevant to the locating of the new budget hotel could include local tourist attractions or places that would make hotels less attractive for potential guests, like waste ground, factories, or prisons. If the new budget hotel could be located near the most attractive features of the town or city it is a bonus in terms of marketing the hotel before it opens and expanding the number guests once it has opened. If the company has to locate the hotel in a less attractive site the company could consider pulling out of its construction or consider different ways of marketing it if it is actually built. The company would however wish to avoid being located in areas where it could not guarantee the safety of their guests and their staff, as more would have to be spent on security measures such as fencing or patrolled car parks. The company could find it useful to contact local people and possibly the Police to find out which parts of the town or city they need to avoid when picking the locality of their new budget hotel. Local authorities will make the Development Plan available for the public and b usinesses to examine which allows any firms that wish to open premises within the area to apply for a place within that plan. For the Senior Management of a budget hotel chain that would want to open a new hotel inside a particular locality being able to analyse the local authority’s Development Plan would offer definite advantages when it comes to making the new budget hotel a long-term success (www.LHC.ORG.UK). The exact location of any new budget hotel could make all the difference between it being a successful part of the firm or it being a loss making failure. From a study of the Development Plan the Senior Management should be aware of the alternative sites available for the location of the proposed new hotel, as well as the placing of other new businesses within the development area. Senior Management should have a strong knowledge of the best places and the worst places to locate new budget hotels when it comes down to maximising the number of guests that stay there. Analysing the Development Plan would make Senior Management fully aware of the local authority intentions of which firms to allocate land to, for the construction of their new outlets, offices, or hotels. The most prestigious firms will want to locate in the most prime positions possible to fit in with their corporate image, whilst a low budget hotel firm might not need to do the same. A low budget hotel does not have to obtain a prestigious land site, it does however have to be based if at all possible on land that is near to town or city centres, and ideally is easily accessible for as many potential guests as possible. The senior management would find it useful to locate the new budget hotel near the main roads, the railway, close to local businesses, and preferably with free secure car parking spaces available. Such a location would be a good selling point to business travellers and tourists a like. If they could gain an accurate analysis of the Development Plan then it increases the chances of securing a good locality for the new budget hotel (www.LHC.ORG.UK). The hotel company could benefit from examining the Development Plan as it would allow them to know if they could use prefabricated designs that permit the construction to be finished earlier and thus earning revenue sooner. If the hotel chain already uses prefabricated designs and construction techniques then it will them greater flexibility when it comes down to the precise locality of the new budget hotel. Flexibility that stems from the savings in construction costs being able to provide a bit of leeway if the price of being in a better location is higher than first anticipated. A sound understanding of the development plan would enable senior management to have the locality and the rapid construction of the new budget hotel finalised as soon as possible. Such an understanding would thus grant the company more time to advertise the opening of the new hotel at an early stage to maximise the number of guests upon its opening. The evaluation of the Development Plan would also give se nior management a precise idea of the number of hotels within the town or city that are already built and those hotels that are planned. Knowledge of the hotels within the district gives senior management invaluable information when it comes down to the marketing, and pricing strategy for the new budget hotel which could make all the difference between success and failure. Knowing the nature, location, as well as the strengths and the weaknesses of all its rivals within the locality could certainly prove very beneficial to the senior management in selling the merits of the new budget hotel in relation to its competitors. Senior management could also take advantage of the company’s brand name and its reputation. Marketing for the new budget hotel should emphasis that the locality will soon be able to benefit from the arrival of a low cost hotel that happens to provide high quality service (www.LHC.ORG.UK). Bibliography Bloomsbury Reference, (2005) Dictionary of Leisure, Travel, and Tourism – 3rd edition, Bloomsbury, London Mason P (2005) Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management, Elsvier, London www.LHC.ORG.UK Youell R, (2003) Complete A-Z Travel Leisure Handbook – 2nd edition, Hodder Stoughton, London