Giving Birth As A Duty Essay - 1198 Words

Giving birth as a duty Latin America holds the most restrictive abortion regulation in the world. Indeed, 4 in 5 of the countries around the world in which abortion is totally banned are located in the continent: Nicaragua, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, and Chile. In the rest of the region, abortion is barely accepted under very restricted circumstances, like saving woman’s life, due to very specific physical health conditions, and eventually in rape cases. Nonetheless, there are several practical obstacles to actually respect these already limited exceptions, like conservative routines among health staffs denying abortions, restrictions enforced through allegations in court, or inaccessible facilities or a lack of trained personnel. In Chile, a woman can be criminally prosecuted and face up to five years of imprisonment if she interrupted her pregnancy. The prohibition was settled by the military dictatorship just right before it left the government, by 1989, and ended up six decades in which a broad concept of therapeutic abortion was legally an option in the country. Since the recovery of democracy in March 1990, there has been no attempt to reverse this situation, ignoring women that still in need of interrupting an unwanted pregnancy and they still doing it under unsafe conditions, the official recommendations of human rights organizations in order to relax the prohibition, and the opinion of many women advocating for a pro-choice approach. This was the legal andShow MoreRelatedA Defense of Abortion Essay784 Words   |  4 Pagesit is your duty to look after your baby. As Kant suggests, if you act according to your duty, you will be acting morally. Therefore, when you look after your child you are doing the right thing. Remember the distinction between good and right is huge. Doing the right thing might cause bad things, or vice versa. Moving with the violinist example, she suggests that the violinist is innocent. Well, I am not a devil too. I am innocent as well. If giving birth will risk myRead MoreUsing Artificial Methods Or Other Methods For Preventing Pregnancy As A Consequence Of Sexual Intercourse Become Norm?961 Words   |  4 Pagesin 21st century, though in 20th century American society, it was debatable. In New York in 1920, a debate about birth control took place between Margaret Sanger and Winter Russel. They argued on the following issue â€Å"Resolved, that the spreading of birth control knowledge is injurious to the welfare of humanity.† Even though, the main core of the debate was about the spreading of birth control knowlage, both debaters argued and focused in their values. Mr. Russel a New York attorney argued from ChristianRead MoreTypes Of Wrongful Laws Dealing With Child Birth And They Are Wrong Life, Wrong Birth, Wrongful,1310 Words   |  6 PagesThere are four different types of wrongful laws dealing with child birth and they are wrong life, wrong birth, wrongful pregnancy and wrongful breech. Wrongful life means th at the child can sue its parents or anybody that is raising them for being born. Wrongful life and wrongful birth is similar but different because wrongful birth is the parents suing the doctor or hospital for the disabled of their child. Wrongful pregnancy is the parent becoming pregnant or had a child without planning or wantingRead MoreRoles Of Women During The Aztec Society1187 Words   |  5 Pagesstay home and take care of the house duties to women now being able to vote and even run for president. The roles of women in society today is very different compared to what the roles of women were in the Aztec society. Women in Aztec roles, mainly consist of marriage and pregnancy, domestic arts such as weaving and specific jobs, and her home and duties as a wife. Marriage in Aztec society for women started at an early age and was the main goal from birth. Before an Aztec women can get marriedRead MoreTHE ROLE OF THE MIDWIFE IN HOMEBIRTH Homebirth refers to the act of a woman giving birth at home1100 Words   |  5 PagesTHE ROLE OF THE MIDWIFE IN HOMEBIRTH Homebirth refers to the act of a woman giving birth at home and is typically attended to by an independently practising midwife. The midwife plays a vital role throughout the experiences associated with homebirths such as embracing a cooperative partnership between women, infants and families. Such features are expressed by a midwife throughout a woman’s pregnancy, labour, birth and postnatal experience, therefore emphasising the importance of continuity of careRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Cutting Motherhood891 Words   |  4 Pagesbiological parents have duties and obligations to defend the child from harm, 3) Only biological parents can fulfill the duties to defend the child from harm and it is immoral for a parent not to do so, 4) Surrogate motherhood contracts require the biological mother to give up her parental rights, 5) Giving up parental rights prevents the biological mother from fulfilling her duties to the child, Therefore, 6) Surrogate motherhood contracts ar e immoral because the duties to the child are not metRead MoreUnited States Abortion Laws Pro Choice1252 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican Decades. However, this was not always the case and still causes controversy among many people living in America due to religious reasons. Those who follow specific religions argue that abortion is a murderous act and that it is the government’s duty to protect all life. On the other hand though, the other side believes that it should be the woman’s choice on whether or not to keep her child. This is because it is her own body and she has the right to do as she please with it. No matter what theRead MoreConcept Analysis of Responsibility726 Words   |  3 Pagespersonal responsibility. There are parental responsibilities that are considered legal obligations. For example, The UN convention on the rights of a child are as follows, â€Å"The child shall be registered immediately after birth and shall have the right from birth to a name, the right to acquire a nationality and as far as possible, the right to know and be cared for by his or her parents† (Dad Info. 2014). Parental responsibilities gives the parent undeniable rights such as the other parentRead MoreThe Vile Practice Of Sex Selection Abortion1273 Words   |  6 Pages127). Due to Chinese Confucian values, the Chinese place a special importance on the lives of males. It is this special value that made giving birth to a male far superior than giving birth to a female in Chinese society. According to a common Confucian saying, â€Å"Woman’s greatest duty is to produce a son† (Lee 21). This put immense pressure on females to give birth to males as their social statuses depended on it. Males are also known to be the preferred sex because they have a higher wage earningRead MoreBirthing Justice : Black Women, Pregnancy And Childbirth, By Julia Chineyere Oparah And Alicia D. Bonaparte Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesBonaparte explain how the individual’s ability to pay determines the quality of care they receive (Oparah Bonaparte, 2015, pg. 4). In relations to birthing, hospitals aren’t a place for an intimate connection between a woman that’s about to give birth and their newborns. It’s more of a time efficiency center where doctors (mainly white men) would purposely perform cesarean deliveries to not only save time, but to make a profit since c-section is more expensive. Most doctors would strategically use

Statement Analysis and Security Valuation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Financial Statement Analysis and Security Valuation. Answer: Introduction The company Adelaide Brighton Cement has been in a proper financial position and has registered profits. The remarkable achievements of the corporation Adelaide Brighton Cement indicates towards the hard work as well as dedication of the firm regardless of the circumstance that the company had to realise this feat under many tumultuous monetary conditions. Adelaide Brighton Cement also referred to as ABC is essentially a corporation functioning in Australia operates as a producer of cement, diverse dry amalgamated products as well as lime. This company is listed under the Australian Stock exchange (ASX) with the title or label Adelaide Brighton Limited that is ABC. The current study intends to pragmatically analyse the commercial actions of the corporation Adelaide Brighton Cement, part of ASIC as a corporate controller in association to the Financial Reporting Surveillance program, outcomes grounded on particular financial reports as on the period 31st December 2015 (Asic.gov.au 201 7). ASIC is essentially a regulator of Australian corporate, markets as well as financial services. ASIC necessarily regulates compliance with definite financial reporting as well as auditing requirements for business entities that are subject to particularly the Corporations Act 2001 (Asic.gov.au 2017). In essence, ASICs active monitoring of the compliance of the entities with different requirements can contribute directly towards market integrity as well as confidence of the investors. Again, this seeks to make it certain that financial reports as well as audit opinions issues are pertinent and dependable, and assist diverse users make superior informed decisions in the marketplace (Vogel 2014). ASIC also reviews financial pronouncements and looks at different risk based criteria. ASIC inspires people preparing as well as presenting financial reports as well as their auditors to take into consider the requirement to impair goodwill as well as other assets. In addition to this, ASIC also continues to understand different calculations of impairment utilizing unrealistic flows of cash as well as assumptions (Asic.gov.au 2017). This also involves understanding material mismatches between cash flow utilized and the assets that are being examined for the purpose of impairments. Essentially, the fair values that are attributed to financial assets needs to be grounded on suitable models, suppositions as well as inputs (Wahlen et al. 2014). Again, there needs to be emphasis on assets of the company operating in the extractive industry as well as mining support services, along with value of the assets that might be affected by specific digital interruption. Critical examination of difficulties in addition to key issues in impairment testing Certain difficulties or intricacies as well as important issues that are contained in the process of impairment testing include understanding of different applicable financial reporting requirements and intricate ways by which this can be applied for relief from different financial reporting requirements. The impairment testing also states the fact that impairment needs to be properly addressed that is prior to the end of the year. Although all the different elements of impairment are significant, there needs to be focus on recognition of cash generating unit as well as disclosure of different outcomes of the impairment testing in the financial statements (Warren et al. 2013). Several business entities often refresh impairment enumerations from previous years whilst this can be regarded as a supportable approach. In this case, there is need to assess different assumptions, inputs as well as calculations during the year 2014 as the entire world economy reflects growth as well as recov ery. There is need for the auditors to impair goodwill as well as other assets while preparation of different financial reports. In this case, there is also requirement to find out impairment enumerations utilizing unrealistic flows of cash as well as suppositions in addition to material mismatches between flows of cash and the assets that is being examined for impairment (Puri 2014). By itself, the fair values that can be attributed to different financial assets need to be based on suitable models, suppositions as well as input. As per the annual report of the firm Adelaide Brighton Limited 2015, the company detected an impairment charge of around $2 million. The impairment expends that are essentially recognized on trade debtors is around $1.1 million. Again, an impairment loss is detected for any preliminary or else following write down of specific asset to essentially fair value after deduction of costs of sale (Kaminska and Kolesnikova 2014). As per the annual report of the cor poration, goodwill as well as intangible assets that have unlimited economic life are essentially not subject to the process of amortisation and are essentially examined every year for impairment or else more regularly in case if proceedings or else alterations in circumstances replicate that these might be impaired (Drury 2013). Detailed explanation of the impairment write-down ASIC specifies the decision of the management of Evolution Mining Limited to lessening of the asset value in the pecuniary reports especially for the period ending as on June 2016. In essence, ASIC had previously conducted enquiries with the assessor of the corporation that is in association to the amount that is recoverable of corporations gold mine of Pajingo in the pecuniary report of the concern. In particular, the financial report of the company has registered an impairment of approximately $77 million for the mine properties of Pajingo, grounded on diverse binding bids for the specific properties, as well as sale of properties subsequent to balance day. Again, specifically the Evolution mining also has specified that the damage that is carried out against the Pajingo mine was essentially based on the context of the procedure of sale of the assets that was an important part of previously declared policy of actively handling the portfolio of the company. On the other hand, the co mpany Adelaide Brighton Cement have also impaired assets and take into account the costs of the same. The assets that have been impaired include the impairment of power station development asset. In addition to this, Adelaide Brighton has also carried out impairment of gas assets of the company, different non-current assets. In addition to this, the company has also taken into account the accumulated depreciation as well as the impairment (Petty et al. 2015). In addition to this, the management of the firm has also taken into account the impairment of the goodwill (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2013). Essentially ASB 36 sketches an entire set of demands as well as strategies that needs to be monitored for devising at specific impairment documents of diverse non-pecuniary properties. However, there are definite matters that need to be taken under the care of the assessment committee in relation to the calculation of damage (Weygandt et al. 2015). These issues include assessment of the lifetime or else economic life of specific assets that needs to be impaired. In addition to this, it is also important to understand specific recoverable amount of definite assets of the firm. Furthermore, while reviewing the impairment calculations it is also important to assess different cash generating units or segments of the corporation (Finkler et al. 2016). Furthermore, it is also imperative to assess the risks as well as uncertainty aspects while reviewing the impairment calculations. Moreover, it is also important to understand annual impairment test necessities while reviewing the impairment calculations. Finally, another specific issue that audit committee needs to take into account while assessing impairment calculations include impairment losses. Conclusion The current study also analytically evaluates certain complexities as well as crucial issues that were necessarily included in the process of impairment testing for different mining assets, deliver an illustrative explanation of definite impairment write-down. Finally, this study identifies five specific issues that the audit and assessment committee need to take into consideration at the time of reviewing different impairment calculations that can be prepared and arranged by the management of the firm. References Adbri.com.au. 2017. Adelaide Brighton, Australian construction and lime group of companies.. [online] Available at: https://adbri.com.au [Accessed 2 May 2017]. ASIC Home | ASIC - Australian Securities and Investments Commission. 2017. Asic.gov.au. Retrieved 3 May 2017, from https://asic.gov.au/ Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Drury, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Finkler, S.A., Smith, D.L., Calabrese, T.D. and Purtell, R.M., 2016.Financial management for public, health, and not-for-profit organizations. CQ Press. Kaminska, T. and Kolesnikova, O., 2014. Financial Risk Management Accounting.Accounting and Finance, (1), pp.20-25. Petty, J.W., Titman, S., Keown, A.J., Martin, P., Martin, J.D. and Burrow, M., 2015.Financial management: Principles and applications. Pearson Higher Education AU. Puri, A.K., 2014. Financial Statement Analysis and Security Valuation.Abhigyan,32(2), pp.74-75. Vogel, H.L., 2014.Entertainment industry economics: A guide for financial analysis. Cambridge University Press. Wahlen, J., Baginski, S. and Bradshaw, M., 2014.Financial reporting, financial statement analysis and valuation. Nelson Education. Warren, C.S., Reeve, J.M. and Duchac, J., 2013.Financial managerial accounting. Cengage Learning. Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E., 2015.Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons.

Organizational Conflict and Its Reasons

Introduction The main objectives of any business are to survive in the world of business and ensure that the business keeps on generating revenue. To meet its objectives, an organization usually has to deal with external threats such as competition from other firms (Banarjee, 1995). However, once in a while, a firm is confronted with threats from within its firms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Conflict and Its Reasons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organizational conflict is one such threat that has to be addressed by organizations. Organizational conflict is a term used to define a phenomenon in which discord develops between two or more than two employees due to a difference in perception about a particular topic or issue (Banarjee, 1995). Conflict within an organization can arise for a number of reasons. It is necessary for an organization to properly manage conflict within an organization a s a conflict may become a reason for decrease in productivity of employees working there. Reasons for organizational conflict High expectations Normally in an organization an employer has set expectations of his employee. This is a fact that prevails in almost all firms across the globe. However, sometimes the expectations of employer can exceed the potential of the employee. This usually leads to rise in conflict (Van Tonder, Havenga, Visagie, 2008). It is necessary that employers must inform employees of their expectations from them in order to avoid such a situation from arising. Moreover, employers must encourage the development of a culture where employees are allowed to ask for clarification about goals that are set for them (Van Tonder, Havenga, Visagie, 2008). Conflict due to communication Usually the exchange of information between two different departments is not as smooth as it should be. In a number of cases, the department responsible for providing information does no t respond to the request placed by the department in need of that information becoming a reason for conflict. Sometimes a communication conflict arises within a department when one individual purposely withholds information from an employee who is in need of that information (Van Tonder, Havenga, Visagie, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When such a situation arises, and information is being withheld by employees within a department on purpose it is essential that a meeting is conducted between the two parties. The meeting must address the issue and come up with a solution that would ensure that such a conflict does not rise again in the future (Van Tonder, Havenga, Visagie, 2008). Differing Values Organization of any kind comprises of individuals from different backgrounds who have a set of values in which they believe in. Sometimes employees are reluctant to accept each other’s set of values and do not respect the difference of values. This also emerges when employees from a different organizational culture come into contact with each other. Employers must expose employees in an environment where they can socialize with each other and learn to accept each other for which they are (University of Oklahoma, 2011). Shortage of resources Sometimes the organization is unable to provide adequate resources to its employees to fulfill their duties. It is due to this reason that the employees think that they have to compete when there are limited resources. Being aware of the fact that resources are scarce and depriving others of that resource can lead to conflict amongst the employees (University of Oklahoma, 2011). It is essential that organizations must enforce a schedule in which a particular resource is utilized by an employee at any given time. It is to be done in order to ensure that resources are evenly distributed amongst all employees fairly Moreover, if possible a particular resource must be shared between two or more people. It would be efficient for the organization to encourage employees to share such resources (University of Oklahoma, 2011). Example of an organization When Apple Inc. planned to expand their business a number of professionals were hired from different companies such as Hewlett Packard, Intel and Semiconductor. The professionals all were from a different background, and they all had different values concerning their behavior at an organization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Conflict and Its Reasons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Semiconductor employees had a crude way of doing things, whereas professionals from Hewlett Packard carried out their activities in a very orderly manner (Sharifzadeh, 2002). The two groups viewed each other as a threat to their own group. Eventually, to resolve their conflict Ap ple Inc. allowed the two groups to work in the same environment which eventually aided in resolving the matter before it got out of hand (Sharifzadeh, 2002). Conclusion Organization around the globe face conflicts within their departments on almost a daily basis. It is vital to recognize these conflicts and to resolve them as soon as possible. If ignored these conflicts could intensify not only harming the organizational culture within that firm but also could result in a dramatic decrease in the productivity of employees working for that organization. The reason behind the origin of such conflicts can be numerous. It is necessary that organizations are well equipped to manage organizational conflict irrespective of the reason of its origin. References List Banarjee, M. (1995). Organization Behaviour. New Dehli: Allied Publishers. Sharifzadeh, M. (2002, June 12). A Definition of Conflict. Web. University of Oklahoma. (2011, January 25). What is workplace conflict? . Web. Van, C., Ha venga, W., Visagie, J. (2008). The Causes of Conflict in Public and Private Sector Organizations in South Africa. Managing Global Transitions 6, 373-401.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Organizational Conflict and Its Reasons was written and submitted by user Terrell Huber to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

My Mistress Eyes Essays - Literature, Rhyme, Sonnet, Poetry

My Mistress' Eyes Essays - Literature, Rhyme, Sonnet, Poetry My Mistress' Eyes JR BRUNER Lit 100 January 16, 1999 My Mistress' Eyes In this sonnet, Shakespeare seems to be very critical of this woman's physical faults. I tried to approach the poem from a comical view to be able to read it and be comfortable with it. She seems to be of African or Middle Eastern descent by his statement of the color of her eyes and wiry hair. The first line uses the most revealing part of a person's body, the eyes. He claims that her eyes do not compare to the sun, they are dark and cold. She is of dark skin by his reference to her being dun, dark or having brown pigmentation. The second stanza I had a problem with, a person can take it many different ways. One impression I got was she might have had a problem with her diet and just had bad breath. The other was she might have been a shameful hussy. Shakespeare claims that the other perfumes, maybe meaning other women he found to be a lot nicer. While his mistress cusses like a sailor. Shakespeare uses as a model a goddess, whom a person would accept as having perfect physical attributes. His mistress seems to be a very large woman who seems to have problems walking.

Difference between an Entrepreneur and an Intrapreneur Assignment

Difference between an Entrepreneur and an Intrapreneur - Assignment Example Entrepreneurs are bold risk-takers. The new business may be profitable or may turn out to be loss-making. Their level of risk is extremely high as there is no-one else to share the burden, which can literally ‘make’ or ‘break’ them. Intrapreneurs are low-level risk-takers. In their role as employees of a business, their amount of risk-taking is limited by boundaries laid out in advance; they are not permitted to exceed those limits when conducting negotiations that could pose risks to the business. Entrepreneurs have clear visions for their new businesses; they are dogged, determined and rigid about their visions, and respond negatively to any alteration proposals. Intrapreneurs have their own visions about ways to develop the business, but such visions are flexible and adaptable in response to organizational shifts. Entrepreneurs are persons who possess a wide range of skills in different fields. They are termed as ‘generalists.’ Intrapreneurs are ‘specialists’ who possess highly trained managerial skills that enable them to concentrate on ways to improve and develop the business (Lifecollege.org). The three forms of management are autocratic, consultative and democratic. Autocratic managers are persons within the organization with total decision-making powers. They give dictatorial instructions to staff members without bothering to ask their opinion on the matter in hand. Consultative managers take final business decisions, but only after soliciting opinions of other employees and analyzing the matter in hand from the perspective of those views. Democratic managers hand over authority to staff members to finish a task allotted to them. The staff members then proceed to complete the given task on time by employing their own set of work techniques. The staff members are part of the decision-making process.

Stress and Coping Mechanisms of First Year Principals Dissertation

Stress and Coping Mechanisms of First Year Principals - Dissertation Example Explaining the fundamental basis of stress as a reaction towards demands on the body, the Mountain State Centers for Independent Living (2010) expresses the view that stress involves the release of body chemicals that â€Å"give people more energy and strength, which can be a good thing if their stress is caused by physical danger.† However, it is alarming that in a particular group of people, the levels of stress recorded among them should be rated as high. This is because high levels of rising stress impacts the victims in several ways including the work they do and their health (Foxall et al, 1990: 580). This argument says a lot about why principals are stressed most of the time. Having noted that a person’s duties could determine the level of stress to be experienced by the person, it is just right to state that principals are often stressed because their work comes with a lot of mental demands that requires them to use their brains very often. Knowing that principa ls undertake a lot of academic responsibilities that strain their brain, stress is thus inevitable for them. In a typical educational institution, principals are expected to among other things supervise the activities of other teachers, initiate academic itinerary, organize school examinations and in some cases serve as examiners. They also go an extra mile to execute other duties including being in charge of every sector of the school development; ranging from meeting the educational needs of students to providing the necessary materials and supplies for the teachers to implement the curriculum. They do this under strict monitoring by the stakeholders, board members, the superintendent, and the state and national educational leaders. New mandates are frequently imposed on already high expectations. A mountain of meeting, queries and complaints from parents, playground and lunchtime duties are also the order of the day for most the principals. All these are roles that are expected t o be executed with perfection and accuracy. In a bid to do all these, principals; especially first year (inexperienced) principals who are mostly new on the job end up stressing themselves badly. The work of the principal is one that is associated with a lot of physical and mental pressure. This is even worse because most principals (both inexperienced and experienced) are involved in academic based professions and occupations that involve the strenuous use of the brain rather than physical strength. Examples of these professions include medicine, nursing, law, teaching, pharmacy, writing and the like. Among this group also, teachers, including lecturers have been found to be one of the worse hit (Lee, 2003). It is worth noting that the work of lecturers and educators, especially those on higher ranks like principals involves a lot of demanding tasks that include multi-complexities. For instance there is mental application of knowledge, physical application of strength and regular i nter-personal interactions. In a typical school environment or school situation, principals (inexperienced and experienced) take the role of academic overseers over student, as well as the administrative activities. The year principal are, therefore, almost all the time involved in one kind of engagement or the other. In most situations, the situation of principals is worsened when they have other responsibilities other than academic roles to play. Some of these

Investigate into the Primacy and Recency effect Essay Example for Free

Investigate into the Primacy and Recency effect Essay The aim of this study was to investigate into the Primacy and Recency effect. The study was based on Glanzer and Cunitzs research (1966) who suggested that when remembering words, if given an interference task, the recency effect will be virtually eliminated. It was therefore predicted that when a group of participants were recalling words after having an interference task there would be little, if no recency effect. However it was also predicted that when an interference task was not involved there would be both a primacy and recency effect. The experiment was conducted on two groups of participants, 20 in each group. They were all students between the age of 16 and 18. This was an independent experiment. The findings form this study indicated that there was less of a recency effect when using an interference task then when not. Introduction The aim of this investigation to find out whether people remember material at the beginning of a list better than material at the end. A further aim is to show that when participants take a memory test with the involvement of an interference task there is no recency effect. The recency effect can be defined as the tendency to recall items at the end of the list more readily than those in the middle (about the last 25%). The recency effect occurs due to the last lot of information still being in short term store. A familiar example of the recency effect is the observation that a pop group is only as good as there last hit song. People tend to remember things more clearly if they have happened recently. The recency effect can be measured using free recall, where participants are shown a list of words, and the later asked to recall them. The recency effect is shown by the fact that the last few words in the list are usually remembered better than the middle. However, Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) found that counting backwards for only 10 seconds between the end of the list presentation and the start of recall (thus producing and interference task) virtually eliminated the recency effect, but had no other effect on recall. This can be explained by the fact that the counting backwards interfered with the process of creating memory and so this wiped out the words towards the end of the list. It can be seen that the rest of the list was not affected by the interference task, as they were now in long-term memory store. In Glanzer and Cunitz experiment the participants recalled the first few items in the list much better than those in the middle, this is known as the primacy effect. The primacy effect can be defined as a high level of free recall of the first items in a list (about the first 25%). The primacy effect depends mainly on rehearsal, in that the words at beginning of the list are rehearsed for longer than those in the middle. The primacy effect was shown by Rundus and Atkinson (1970), who asked their participants to rehearse out loud any of the words they wanted to during list presentation. The recency effect is found when the results of a free recall task are plotted in the form of a serial position curve. Generally, this curve is U-shaped, and the recency effect corresponds to the tail of the U on the right. This tail indicates that words presented at the end of a list of to-be-remembered items are better remembered than words presented in the middle of this list. It is called the recency effect because these items were the ones presented most recently to the subject in the memory experiment. The primacy effect is found when the results of a free recall task are plotted in the form of a serial position curve. Generally, this curve is U-shaped, and the primacy effect corresponds to the tail of the U on the left. This tail indicates that words presented at the start of a list of to-be-remembered items are better remembered than words presented in the middle of this list. It is called the primacy effect because these items were the ones presented first to the subject in the memory experiment. The diagram below shows the multi-store model of memory designed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). It shows us how rehearsal is a vital part of the memory system. This model of memory can help to explain why interference will eliminate the recency effect. The recency effect is part of the short-term memory store, in that it is the last piece of information taken in and so, like all information, it goes into short-term store first. What allows us to remember this information is through rehearsal, thus temporarily keeping it in short-term memory store. It is therefore clear to see that if rehearsal is taken away, as it is through an interference task, then there will be no recency effect. Experimental hypothesis If given a list of words to remember, involving an interference task, when recalled there will be a strong primacy effect, and little, if no recency effect. This, one tailed hypothesis was formulated as previous research has indicated the existence of a primacy effect, and the elimination of the recency effect when using an interference task. However when undertaking the same task without interference there should be both a primacy and recency effect. Null hypothesis If given a list of words to remember involving an interference task, when recalled there will be no difference between how strong the recency and primacy effect is. Method Within this investigation there are two groups of participants, consisting of 20 different people in each group. The participants used were all A level students and were asked at random if they willing to take part. Some of these students studied psychology at A level themselves and so may have known what the investigation was about, thus possibly affecting the final results. The type of design being used is that of independent measures. There are two main variables in this investigation, which will later be correlated; these are word number and the total number of times each word was remembered by the participants.